Article critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique - Article Example Key words: Pain management, Hispanics, culture â€Å"Estoy en un monton de dolor† Experiencing Pain from a Hispanic Cancer Patient’s Perspective Though there are many flaws in the healthcare system in the United Stated, for many migrants especially African Americans and Hispanics, the existence of such a system is a great blessing. Many vie for immigrant status and citizenship to enjoy the privileges of social healthcare. The United States is a country that stood for equality of rights for every man, no matter the race, culture, or belief; however, it is shocking and disappointing to find out that there are discrepancies in the pain management options given to migrant cancer patients especially with regards to Hispanic cancer patients. I have known and seen a lot of people who had different types of cancer in the course of my life and in the academic degree that I chose. I have seen the tremendous amount of pain they experience especially those in the late stages of the disease. The pain relievers prescribed to them helps in improving their quality of life but it is sad even just to imagine that there are countless others, who are in the socio-cultural as well as socioeconomic minority that are needlessly experiencing excruciating pain when they already have the access to proper pain management options via the government’s healthcare system. The study of Im, Guevara, and Chee (2007) gives us a glimpse of how pain is handled by Hispanics. It also gives insights to the different factors that contribute to the inadequacy of pain management interventions that Hispanic cancer patients receive. By examining their research in a qualitative way, we can get insight on the value of understanding the sociocultural dimension of a cancer patient’s pain management, and thus help equalize the disparities in treatment given to Hispanics and other migrants. This will allow us nurses to give quality patient care to all mankind, as is our sworn respons ibility. I. Hispanic Cancer Patient’s Pain as Described in the Article – Discussion and Critique As the authors’ examined the part that socio-cultural background plays in the experience of pain in Hispanic cancer patients, I was given a clear representation of how the healthcare paradigm works in for the case of migrants. I appreciate the effort that they gave in representing the â€Å"pain experience† as personal as possible by quoting actual forum responses of the cancer patients. This painted a picture that gets the reader to easily empathize with the patient and allows the reader to view how hard it is for Hispanic cancer patients to endure everyday with the pain that they bear. Although they presented the testimonies of their respondents well, there are certain aspects of their methodology that can be improved to make the implications of the study have more weight. (1) The sampling method used was convenience sampling which automatically results in b iased data. The title of the study indicates that the author’s wanted to show insights for Hispanic cancer patients’ pain experience all over the United States; however they did not get representative samples for different States which is indicative that the finding could not be generalized to bear implications to the whole of the United States and the whole healthcare

Chapter 13 case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 13 case study - Essay Example There are various suggestions and ideas that may be provided by different persons, who support such media technologies. One of these suggestions is the creation of awareness on the existing of the new technology. The other is re-branding of the packaging materials used by Hanks i.e. use of packaging materials that indicate the use of these new PDA’s and the technology used by customers. These ideas can be combined owing to the fact they are basically meant to facilitate the incorporation of the new modes of operation into Hank’s Greenery system. Hank’s anticipation of the associated advantages of using the technology is realistic. The use of Information Systems in any business is usually associated with various benefits i.e. improved communication among employees as well as improved customer service provision. These are realistic advantages; however, there are usually certain disadvantages that may be experienced with the implementation of new operational systems in any organization. Research indicates that such systems may take time before they are completely adopted in the operational system of any

Analysis of Values, Expectation and Environment of National Bank of Pakistan

Analysis of Values, Expectation and Environment of National Bank of Pakistan The balance sheet of NBP is better than all other banks operating locally. The services of NBP are accessible to the government of Pakistan, business units and individuals. NBP has shown a remarkable financial performance in 2006 with an estimated total asset of over 634 billion PKR. The overall deposits of NBP have grown-up to approximately 502 billion PKR. According to the annual report of year 2006 the bank earned 26 billion rupees before tax profit and the per share value increased to 24.01 rupees. The boost in revenue was attained due to the huge central banking returns. The bank issued more loans and income received by bank on these loans increased by Rs.10 billion. Bank enjoyed an increase of Rs.268 billion in its advances. To offset the threat of credit alarm NBP retains a strong hold of loans. The bank issues these loans to different range of people/ businesses. For example NBP karobar is a scheme of NBP to help people increase their business, bank also gives loans to SM enterprises and also in agriculture field as well as large business companies. The signed agreement in year 2002 with Western Union is one example of different channels that bank is facilitating for Pakistani living overseas. It provided them a convenient and competent way to transfer their funds to Pakistan. Currently bank has started an efficient online system to track the complete inward clearing. This system ensures that all the branches have complete record of every step of inward remittance until its final acknowledgment of receiving. Learning Outcome 1 Types of values, Links to Values, Vision and Mission One of the key drivers of strategic purpose in an organisation is its values. Values are part of the organisations culture those subconscious assumptions and beliefs that frame its view of itself. TYPES OF VALUES Lencioni , (2002)noted four types of company values Core Values These are the deeply ingrained principles that govern all the organisations actions. These values are the source of a companys distinctiveness. Aspirational values Aspirational values are those principles that are essential for prospect achievements. Here is where conventional morals might be out of step with a planned value. Permission-to-play values These values are also called as entrance values; these are non-core and non-distinctive values. These are the minimum principles of manners that are given in employees instruction manual. Accidental values Accidental values are those intellectual standards that are engaged for approval however these standards do not actually reflect the central or inspirational principles. Core values of National Bank of Pakistan NBP believes in reliability of premier standard Superiority in customers service is another core value of NBP NBP admits the teamwork and it has a performance based culture i.e. rewards are given on performance base NBP improves its expertise for upcoming confronts It builds an understanding of public and neighbourhood responsibility NBP creates ethics for its stakeholders Morals work collectively with visualization to produce the structure of your tactical aim, and from your structure come your exact plan and objectives. At times difference between vision and mission is unclear. A vision is an inspiring declaration of anywhere the company desires to be, while the mission is a declaration of present strategic situation. The Vision A vision declaration  is occasionally identifies an image of your business in the prospect however its so much further than an image. Your visualization is your idea, the outline for your calculated arrangements. The Mission A mission declaration  is a concise explanation of a businesss primary intention. It answers the question WHAT IS OUR PURPOSE OF EXISTANCE. The mission enounces the companys aim together for those in the company and for the community. Vision of NBP To be known as a leader and a product identical with belief, uppermost standard of service and excellence, worldwide best exercise and public duty. Mission of National Bank o Pakistan The mission of NBP is to seek the ethics that will enable the bank Infect the bank of realm it will focus on the following NBP will institutionalise a value and performance based culture. Will create a unique brand name by offering top class services. NBP will adopt the premium management strategies. It will focus on maximising the value of its stakeholders. Evaluation of NBPs Vision against its suitability There are many ways/ tools to evaluate the mission statement of an organisation. I have chosen the five ways suggested by HAMEL and PRAHALAD in year 1994. These are: Foresight NBP has a strong and powerful vision statement. The flow in its vision is very logical and arranged. All the three parts of the vision are in steady relation in an attractive way. It demonstrates the strength of the banks planning for future. The primary element of the banks vision statement says to be known as the leader face the foreseeing part of its vision. Breadth NBPs vision is vast enough to appreciate different topics. The vision is about giving answer to the continuous changing market. By covering the top international practices its vision shows its wideness. Uniqueness The desire to continue its participation to provide best global practices gives its mission statement uniqueness. Consensus As it is possible to fulfil the vision statement of the bank its vision is also consensus more over all the assembly like board of directors, chief executive officers and voice presidents are agreed on it. Action-ability Its vision clearly mentions the future opportunities in a proper manner. To enjoy being a leader in banking field NBP is applying top quality management skills. The excellent team work, high standard service and its sincerity with its work makes it well qualified to face the upcoming confront and to create values for its stakeholders. Evaluation of Mission Statement To evaluate the mission/ objectives of NBP I have chosen the SMART tool. The SMART analysis of NBP is as following: S Specific The mission statement of the NBP is to the point. It is very clear and understandable. Every point of its mission statement is well defined and logical. M Measurable Here measurable means quantity. To the best of my understanding and knowledge the term Measureable can best fit if NBP has achieved the targeted revenue, number of branches, number of customers etc. And I think the answer is yes even more than that. Because it is a purely government organisation people have trust in it. A Achievable As one can clearly see that NPBs mission statement recaps the basic strategy to realize the goals of the organisation it states the key goals that the workers should struggle to meet. This declaration is given in very clear points and I think its very much attainable/ achievable. R Realistic The approach of NBP towards its mission/ objective is very realistic. I mean there is sense of what it states. Like its says to maximise its stakeholders value, means by providing top quality services and providing its stakeholder continuous profit NBP will do its best to increase its stakeholders value and improve their life. T Time-bound The time bound factor means it should specify the time when its going to get these objectives/ missions. As far as my knowledge about the company is concerned NBP has not given any time limit for achieving its missions/ goals. Learning outcome 2 Stakeholder Analysis; managing expectations Definition of Stakeholder Freeman and Reed (1983) suggested two definitions of an organisations stakeholder i.e. narrow and broad. The broad definition says that a stakeholder is a group or individual who can either affect the achievements of the organisation or is affected by the achievement of the organisations objectives. The narrow definition says a stakeholder is an individual or a group of individuals on which the organisation depends for its continuous survival. (A stake holder rationale for risk management 1st edition 2008 Gregor Gossy) Stakeholders of National Bank of Pakistan As NBP is a very big organisation so are its stakeholders. There is a long list of its stakeholders some important stakeholders are mentioned in the list below. Shareholders Employees Government Its Creditors Board of Directors Other Businesses SBP Unions Commercial banks Depositors Influence of Stakeholders The banks shareholders have a great impact on the decision making process of the bank as they participate in the voting for the selection of directors after the previous term is expired. They are involved in the top meetings with the general secretary of the bank. Board of directors influence the companys decision as they are the strategy formulators of the bank. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) is the central bank and so has a powerful authority on all banks serving in Pakistan. SBP keeps a check on all the operations of NBP. Clearly SBP has a sturdy control on the strategy of National Bank of Pakistan. The employees of NBP also have a great impact on the strategy of the bank. They influence by the efficiency and effectiveness of the service they are providing. For example if they are motivated and working hard it will help the bank achieving its vision in a superior way. So employees at NBP affect the profitability of the banks. Competitive analysis of NBP The companys competitive analysis begins by focusing the overall industry in which a firm competes before market segment or sector level issues are considered. For the competitive analysis of NBP I have chosen the famous porters five forces analysis. Porters FIVE FORCES MODE Competitive Rivalry It is very commanding force amongst the company and its competitors. A strategy followed by a company is successful to an extent it gives to its competitive advantage to its opponents. The strategy could be providing best service, or reducing the price against its competitors price as far as NBP is concerned it is charging very low fee on DDs, transfer by telegraphy, and by post transfer it is also giving many added facilities to the clients and to the country as it states it is a nations Bank Threat from new entrants When new businesses can simply come in the particular market the number of competitor increases and so is the competition. As far as banking is concerned this industry is previously very much located in Pakistan. There are many banks that provide high quality service at a very low fee. So there isnt any risk to National Bank of Pakistan from possible new entrance. NBP as well a community sector bank and there is no chance of being taken over by any new bank. Threat from substitutes The substitute threat is the 3rd factor that can affect the competitions. It means there could be some other services that can be an alternative of the product/ service of the company. In banking sector for example they offer saving schemes, but the general post offices in Pakistan are also providing this service so there is an alternative of the service. The banks should beat their offer of saving in order to take control of the market. Another example could be the Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) which are a substitute of presenting cheques at the cash counters in banks. ATM saves the time but NBP is lacking in this ground. It should look up in this field to compete its rival. Bargaining Power of Suppliers The strength of competition is affected by the bargaining influence of the suppliers particularly when you have a great number of contractors. If you are a bank your suppliers are your customers who supply you money. So as a bank you should offer them quality services, peace of mind, gain their trust at an affordable fee. B/C offer superior services to the customers. B/C charges less on transfer of funds. As a result there is a competition between B/Cs and banks. Bargaining Power of Consumers When clients are strong or in big numbers, or the buy in huge quantity, their purchase influence signifies a key force affecting strength of opposition. Keeping that fact in mind we see that banks have a large number of customers in Pakistan and banks are offering different products to their customers. NBP as well have a big number of clients. So it should offer superior services and good products to its clients to draw their attention to NBP. LEARNING OUTCOME 3 External environment Now we will discuss the external factors affecting the strategic plan of NBP. I have used the most commonly used tool for this purpose that is the PEST analysis. PEST ANALYSIS PEST analysis is a study of the huge outside environment of the company. It is helpful for realising the Political, Economical, Social Technological surroundings that accompany works in. This analysis can be used for measuring market development or slump, to check where you business lays in the market. (The business environment 6th edition 2009 IAN WORTHINGTON CHRIS BRITTON) THE PEST ANALYSIS OF NBP Political Impact of economic science striking and NCBs Denationalization strategy of the authorities and SBPs deregulating Work patterns, Unions and affiliations Governmental obstructions and torment Commotions of high tax on banking business Economical Restraints in mobilisation of civic investments due to inflation Staff pays and other costs Operating expense is higher due to manual dealing Rising of debts Social Cultural Unsatisfactory HR Ethnical strain to investments Going down educational and employment morals Poor liability Debtor lobby Satisfactory empowerment Technological Poor communication base Inadequate I.T services Insufficient I.T training Lack of information technology tools SWOT ANALYSIS The usage of SWOT analytic thinking lets businesses to make the most of their strengths, reduce their weak points, take benefits of their chances and conquer their disadvantages. It begins by defining the aims of the project or business actions and describes the inner and outer elements that are crucial to achieve those goals. Advantages and disadvantage are generally internal to the company, whereas opportunities and risks are typically external. (The SWOT Analysis: Using Your Strength to Overcome Weaknesses, Using Opportunities to Overcome Threats) Author: Lawrence G. Fine Publisher Booksurge Llc, 2009 SWOT ANALYSIS OF NBP STRENGTHS Oldest Organization National bank of Pakistan on of the matured banks operating in Pakistan and so has large number of customers which is strength of it. People trust and believe in the bank. Being an old organisation its an additional value for the bank. Rotation of Duties If for some reasons state bank of Pakistan is not in operations NBP works as an alternative of SBP. Being a government bank and working as an alternative of SBP is strength of the bank. More Deposits than Competitors NBP has the proportional capability in holding additional deposits as compared to other banks. This is due to the trust that clients have in NBP. Employee Benefits Reasonable financial remuneration is given to the employees on both EID events in form of cash bonuses. This provides an extra help and proficiency for NBP a cause of inspiration for the workers. Wide Network One more strength of NBP is its wide network all over the country. It has most number of branches than any other bank in most productive cities. Due to large network of branches NBP provides best quality service to its customers at their nearest branch. Professional Competence The bank has hired very professional graduates in different fields like banking, business administration, economics, finance etc these are highly skillful professional. Their professionalism enables the bank to realize and achieve the goals of the organisation in a superior way. Healthy Environment The working environment at NBP is extremely conductive and supporting for more sizeable output. The relaxing environment manipulates the performance of the workers in a supporting manner. WEAKNESSES Less Marketing Effort NBP do not support its industry stature its services in an aggressive manner. Therefore it lacks in selling efforts. Now a day every organisation is in need of aggressive marketing A need for aggressive marketing in there in the era marketing in now becoming a part of every organization. Political Pressure The strong political grip of some companies government and its authorities are impacting NBP negatively. The bank sometimes has to issue loan under agencies demands that leads to odd and accommodated feelings in its employees. Discrimination The seniors often influence in the promotion system of the bank by forcing their favoritism and their own willingness and decision. This behavior leads to denomination of the employees which leads to performance degradation and lack of confidence in the employees. A Few Financial Product If we consider the innovation and announcements of new schemes NBP is far behind from its competitors. NBP did not involve itself in the competition of offering customers new products, ideas and services. It is a major weakness of the bank. Bad Service at Busy Time Another weakness of the bank is its poor management in serving the customers in busy hours. It is been often noticed that people are topping out of the doors and windows and they are not happy because they are not been serviced timely and efficiently. Lack of Network Equipments Another weakness of the bank is the lack of computer networks that could have saved the time and energy of its employees. Moreover the I.T staff is not well trained they are old aged and dont have necessary know-how of computers. If proper tainting and network is provided bank can convert this weakness into its strength. Uneven Workload The pressure of work at NBP is more on some workers than others and it is unevenly distributed. Some employees escape from their job responsibilities while others bear work overload. This is not fair and leads to de-motivation among the employees who are working hard. OPPORTUNITIES E- Banking The advancement in communication sector has made this world a global village. Now technology is very important for any business specially banking now a day depends on efficient an effective service which is impossible without technology. National bank of Pakistan can make use of technology to perform better and have a competitive edge over its competitors. Micro Finance In todays word there is a need of finance on micro level NBP can avail this opportunity as its competitors are already arrived in this field. NBP should realize this opportunity as soon as possible in order to provide current demands. THREATS New Competitors The mergers of new banks, especially foreign banks are a threat for NBP. These banks are well prepared with exceptional and innovative technology and heavy finance. They know how to promote their product and how to perform well. NBP should take steps to compete with these foreign banks to tackle this threat. Political Pressure As the government is not stable in Pakistan different political parties are coming in power. They are affecting the banks overall performance by putting pressure for issuance of unfair loans. Politically dominant people are creating a sense of anxiety and discouragement in the customers and its employees. Downsizing The current policy of the bank is to cut the staff which is a threat to its employees as they are feeling insecure about their jobs. This is affecting their overall performance negatively. Customers Complaints The customers are everything for a business but there is no formal service to deal with customers complaints. This behaviour is annoying the customer and they are heading towards other foreign banks. This is a threat for the bank. Conclusions and Recommendations National Bank of Pakistan is one of the oldest and largest banks in Pakistan. This bank is in partnership with Government of Pakistan and has largest assets than any other commercial bank. This bank has a unique part in the economical growth as it works as the agent of State Bank of Pakistan. Following are some recommendations for NBP. National Bank of Pakistan can increase its operational productivity by using latest computer technology. Employees Training programs are not sufficient. Extensive training will surely increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the employees. Privatization can have a positive impact on NBP overall performance. Modern techniques for cost cutting should be adopted by the bank. There is a strong need to change the outlook and interior lay out of the branches.

History of Euthanasia in America :: Free Euthanasia Essay

History of Euthanasia in America 1973- The American Medical Association issues the Patient Bill of Rights. The groundbreaking document allows patients to refuse medical treatment. 1976- The New Jersey Supreme Court rules that the parents of Karen Ann Quinlan, who has been in a tranquilizer-and-alcohol-induced coma for a year, can remove her respirator. She dies nine years later. 1979- Jo Roman, a New York artist dying of cancer, makes a videotape, telling her friends and family she intends to end her life. She later commits suicide with an overdose of sleeping pills. 1985- Betty Rollin publishes "Last Wish," the story of her mother's battle with ovarian cancer. The book reveals that Ida Rollin killed herself with a sedative overdose. 1990- Dr. Jack Kevorkian performs his first assisted suicide, using a homemade machine, to end the life of Alzheimer's patient Janet Adkins. Meanwhile, after protracted legal wrangling, the parents of Nancy Cruzan, who has been in a coma for seven years, are allowed to remove her feeding tube. Friends and co-workers testify in court that she would not have wanted to live. 1991- Hemlock Society founder Derek Humphry first publishes "Final Exit." The controversial suicide "how-to" book later becomes a national best seller. 1994- Voters in Oregon pass a referendum making it the only state in the country that allows doctors to prescribe life-ending drugs for terminally ill patients. The hotly contested law was not put into effect until last year. 1995- George Delury publishes "But What If She Wants to Die?" a diary chronicling his wife's long battle with multiple sclerosis. The book describes the couple's agonizing decision to end her life with a drug overdose. Delury served four months in prison for attempted manslaughter for his role in her death. 1997- In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court rules that the Constitution does not guarantee the right to commit suicide with the help of a physician. The decision upholds laws in New York and Washington state making it illegal for doctors to give lethal drugs to dying patients. 1998- In November, Michigan voters defeat a measure that would have made physician-assisted suicide legal. Michigan Poll On Dr. Kevorkian and Euthanasia22 1. After watching that segment which showed Jack Kevorkian administering a lethal injection of drugs, do you think it was appropriate or not appropriate for "60 Minutes" to show that scene on television? 56%Appropriate 35% Not appropriate 10% Undecided/Don't know/Refused 2. Did the experience of watching Dr. History of Euthanasia in America :: Free Euthanasia Essay History of Euthanasia in America 1973- The American Medical Association issues the Patient Bill of Rights. The groundbreaking document allows patients to refuse medical treatment. 1976- The New Jersey Supreme Court rules that the parents of Karen Ann Quinlan, who has been in a tranquilizer-and-alcohol-induced coma for a year, can remove her respirator. She dies nine years later. 1979- Jo Roman, a New York artist dying of cancer, makes a videotape, telling her friends and family she intends to end her life. She later commits suicide with an overdose of sleeping pills. 1985- Betty Rollin publishes "Last Wish," the story of her mother's battle with ovarian cancer. The book reveals that Ida Rollin killed herself with a sedative overdose. 1990- Dr. Jack Kevorkian performs his first assisted suicide, using a homemade machine, to end the life of Alzheimer's patient Janet Adkins. Meanwhile, after protracted legal wrangling, the parents of Nancy Cruzan, who has been in a coma for seven years, are allowed to remove her feeding tube. Friends and co-workers testify in court that she would not have wanted to live. 1991- Hemlock Society founder Derek Humphry first publishes "Final Exit." The controversial suicide "how-to" book later becomes a national best seller. 1994- Voters in Oregon pass a referendum making it the only state in the country that allows doctors to prescribe life-ending drugs for terminally ill patients. The hotly contested law was not put into effect until last year. 1995- George Delury publishes "But What If She Wants to Die?" a diary chronicling his wife's long battle with multiple sclerosis. The book describes the couple's agonizing decision to end her life with a drug overdose. Delury served four months in prison for attempted manslaughter for his role in her death. 1997- In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court rules that the Constitution does not guarantee the right to commit suicide with the help of a physician. The decision upholds laws in New York and Washington state making it illegal for doctors to give lethal drugs to dying patients. 1998- In November, Michigan voters defeat a measure that would have made physician-assisted suicide legal. Michigan Poll On Dr. Kevorkian and Euthanasia22 1. After watching that segment which showed Jack Kevorkian administering a lethal injection of drugs, do you think it was appropriate or not appropriate for "60 Minutes" to show that scene on television? 56%Appropriate 35% Not appropriate 10% Undecided/Don't know/Refused 2. Did the experience of watching Dr.

The Folly of Rewarding a While Hoping for B

The Folly Of rewarding A, While Hoping for B Case Study Overview: In this case analysis we shall be examining the unintended contradictory results that reward systems bring about and recommendations in solving the issues highlighted Problem Statement: Many Problems in Organizations are created because of Faulty Incentives and Flawed reward systems that are setup to accomplish one thing but actually does the opposite. â€Å"While Mangers complain about lack of motivation in their workers, they might as well consider the possibility that the reward systems they’ve installed are paying off for the opposite†.Directly linked to these Faulty Incentive and Flawed Systems are key issues with 1) Employee Motivation, 2) Reward Systems, 3) Expectation/Misaligned Perception and 4) Biasness in Decision making that are deeply rooted as a causative agent in the Flawed system Hypothesis 1)Misaligned Perception/Expectation: Process Perspective: A look at Equity theory and Expectancy The ory in understanding the expected outcome perceived by employee as related to behavioral attitude towards rewards systems )Employee Motivation which is dependent on the effectiveness of its reward system: As pointed out by MASLOW HIERACHY OF NEEDS and HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR theory of Motivation highlight the effect of rewards both tangible and intangible on behavior 3) Weak or Poor decision Making: As shown by biasness of the community in electing Public service official, even in the face of the right option for endorsement/election 4) Poor performance and attitudes In Most Companies is caused by its reward systems, not the workforce.Analysis: As Pointed out by Expectancy theory that People make choices about behavior based on their expectation of what is likely to happen in terms of effort leading to performance and performance leading to desired reward. On the other hand Equity Theory Points out that those Perceptions about reward systems matter. From Equity Theory, if the R atio of someone’s outcome/input is equal to someone else’s ratio, equity exists.But if not, inequity exists and the theory suggests that People are motivated to reduce their Contribution in some way According to Equity theory, outcomes from a Job include pay, recognition, promotions, social relationships and intrinsic rewards. To get these rewards, the individual makes inputs to the job such as time, effort, experience e. t. c and compares it to someone else’s ratio of contribution. Thus the Individual behavior is affected by his or her Perception than the actual reality.In Sports, An underpaid Basketballer will be discouraged in developing teamwork skill. in order to make up for any inadequacies, Expecting that Scoring will Increase his or her earnings at the detriment of the team success. Similarly, if this player perceives that future rewards might be compromised; such player will reduce his or her commitment in response to his feeling of inequity towards the Team success. Thus it is discovered that people take into account Equity and expectation about future rewards in their choice of behavior.Taking a look further points out that Many rewards systems discourage desired behaviors’ while rewarding the very action that causes problems. Managers obviously design reward systems to motivate people to behave in certain ways, yet reward systems do not always produce the expected results. For example: In World War II troops were committed for the duration unless killed or invalided. They had a strong motivation to hasten the end of the war. Allied troops in the Vietnam War had a tour of a year or less. Their self interest was not tied to the end of the war.While their governments wanted them to focus on winning the war, their rewards were linked to looking after themselves. Not to their opponents. They were there for the duration. Evidence of a Reward System which encourages Contrary behavior can also be traced to the Health Industry . Looking at a health System where Patients bear little or no cost, we shouldn’t be surprised when doctors over test and over treat illness, and nothing is done to curtail this action, because the Patients have no incentive to resist the doctors’ actions.For doctors there may be some direct financial gain from over servicing. More important though is the possible costs and professional damage from malpractice suits. Over servicing diminishes the chance of facing such suits, or losing them if they occur. 3) Evidence of how a poor decision making Process has stereotyped and created a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation is seen in Politics. This is a state of being BIAS Most of us want honest politicians who tell us clearly what they will do in office, then stick to that once elected.The actual reality is that politicians don’t behave that way, yet they get elected by our vote and we sustain this reward system. Also, we expect ou r public service to do the best it can with the community resources available to it. Yet there is usually great mismanagement in the public sector, Yet nobody act to resolve this issue or call the minister to order because it will harm the government’s standing and may cost it votes. This portrays a consequence of a community supported reward system unavoidably biased against good public sector management. )Financial incentives are designed to provide direct motivation – do this and you will get that while at the same time can spell doom. For Example giving a Psychiatrist a higher payment for condemning someone to be incapacitated at the expense of an individual being competent, the psychiatrist can be motivated by the higher pay. This Financial reward can therefore serve as a tangible form of motivation 4) Since some people expect that a certain level of effort will lead to certain levels and types of performance.In turn, people develop expectations that a given level and type of performance will be rewarded or punished Recommendations: Since Organization design are changing in response to a changing world, it is thus imperative to look at an alternative way of reward system, one that benefits all and eliminate the problem introduced by the traditional, conventional approach to reward system. While I Write that there is no one cap fits all solution, also interesting is how the recommendations from each case study analysis somehow tend to be applicable to other case study analysis treated earlier in the classAn effectively planned and administered reward system can improve motivation and performance. 1) Starting from the Issues Introduced by the Expectancy perspective and equity Perspective. An Effective manager can help his or her Organization to understand both equity issues and expectancies. This might involve framing the situation for someone, so that his or her perceptions more closely mirror the Managers perception of reality. Managers cons tantly need to clarify performance and be able to measure the attractiveness of rewards to employees. ) Effective Reward Systems should focus on positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is the most effective tool for encouraging desired behavior because it stimulates people to take actions because they want to because they get something of value (internally or externally) for doing it. An effectively designed and managed reward program can drive an organization's change process by positively reinforcing desired behaviors. The question to ask at this point is how to build an Effective reward system.By taking the five steps listed below, an effective reward system could be achieved Timely. The recognition/rewards should be provided frequently enough to make performers feel valued for their efforts. Achievable. The employee's or group's goals should be within the reach of the performers Meaningful. The achievements rewarded should provide an important return on investment to both the performer and the organization. Specific. A line of sight should be maintained between rewards and actions.Reliable. The program should operate according to its principles and purpose. 3) Performance Management. Organizations should concentrate on the process of managing performance and get away from thinking of the annual performance appraisal process as performance management. The process of performance management reflects how the work gets done and creates the environment in which people feel valued for their achievements. The performance management process includes four critical components:I) A Focus on what is important to change or be improved. II) A Measures to determine whether and how much progress is being achieved. III) Feedback so that performers will know whether and how much progress is being achieved. IV) Reinforcement so that everyone celebrates achievements as they are being unfolded. 4) Clear Communication. Managers should clarify what they mean by performance so that there won’t be misalignment and such that employees would understand how they can support what the manager is trying to accomplish. CONCLUSION:Since reward system cannot be eliminated from the organization system and people tend to do what they perceive will be rewarded, the solution presented here require a shift in every facet of reward system practice. Also worthy to note is that since reward system will keep evolving, some systems being implemented such as broad banding i. e increment in the pay steps within a specific Job title without a promotion and cafeteria-Style Benefits i. e. Ability to allow employees to select from a menu of benefits. Will need to be designed in such ways that makes them Nimble and Flexible.

Examples Of Nonverbal Communication Essay

There are several types of nonverbal communication that may be evaluated on the basis of certain examples, that will help you understand the nuances of this complicated form of communication. Facial Expressions When reading facial expressions, some of these examples may help: While maintaining eye contact is a sign of confidence and positivity, avoiding eye contact is one of the most clear negative nonverbal communication examples. This implies that the person may be lying, or fears confrontation. The smile is another give-away when it comes to facial expressions. While a soft smile is a soft expression that is encouraging, a rigid smile or a smirk may be a sign of contempt. Raised eyebrows are not only a sign of surprise, they can also suggest mockery or sarcasm. It may be a natural physical trait of some people, and they may do it without realizing. However, it is important to know the kind of effect it is having on others. Frowning is another facial expression that we tend to assume when under stress. This gives out the message that we are unapproachable and cold. Posture and other Movements Postures are included in nonverbal communication and may be explained with a few of these examples: Standing erect shows confidence, but if you are slouching it is a sign of low self-esteem and a stance that you have given up. Keeping shoulders rigid again give a sign that you may be unapproachable, and may affect the kind of people you attract towards you. Constant fiddling with everything in sight is a sign of anxiety, frustration, boredom and lack of interest. Standing with your hands crossed behind you, combined with your facial expressions may be a clear sign of anger or frustration that you are trying to hold back. Gestures Gestures animate the conversations we have with others. We point, we wave and use all sorts of body language gestures while we are talking. For instance, you may constantly be rubbing your neck, or your the back of your ear. This is a sign of discomfort and lack of confidence. If you are angry, you may be clenching your fists to control your anger, or in preparation for a physical  attack! Rubbing hands together indicates excitement and indicates readiness to engage in an activity. Shrugging may show a lack of interest. Touch Even touch plays an important role in nonverbal communication. For instance: When your boss is praising you, and pats you on the back, it is a sign of genuine liking for you and your work. A firm handshake is the sign of confidence. We all know the reassuring effect of a warm bear hug. Someone who holds your arms while talking is either trying to make a statement, or to portray that he/she is in control. Space We all have a physical space around us. Sometimes we find people invading that personal space. It may be to portray any of the following: Intimacy Affection Dominance Aggression