Essay about Heart of Darkness Psychoanalytic Criticism

Heart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the technique of psychoanalysis. Freud developed a language that described, a model that explained, and a theory that encompassed human psychology. His theories are directly and indirectly concerned with the nature of the unconscious mind. Through his multiple case studies, Freud managed to find convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivated by psychological forces over which we have very limited control (Guerin 127). One of Freud’s most important contributions to the study of the psyche is his theory of repression: the unconscious mind is a repository of repressed desires,†¦show more content†¦And though a large part of the ego is unconscious, it nevertheless includes what we think of as the conscious mind. The superego is a projection of the ego. It is the moral censoring agency; the part that makes moral judgments and the repository of conscience and pride. It brings reason, order and social acceptability to the otherwise uncontrolled and potentially harmful realm of biological impulses (Guerin 128-31). Freud’s theories have launched what is now known as the psychoanalytic approach to literature. Freud was interested in writers, especially those who depended largely on symbols. Such writers tend to tinge their ideas and figures with mystery or ambiguity that only make sense once interpreted, just as the analyst tries to figure out the dreams and bizarre actions that the unconscious mind of a neurotic releases out of repression. A work of literature is thus treated as a fantasy or a dream that Freudian analysis comes to explain the nature of the mind that produced it. The purpose of a work of art is what psychoanalysis has found to be the purpose of the dream: the secret gratification of an infantile and forbidden wish that has been repressed into the unconscious (Wright 765). The literal surface of a work of literature is sometimes called the â€Å"manifest content† and treated as â€Å"manifest dream† or â€Å"dream story.† The psychoanalytic literary critic tries to analyze the latent, underlying content of the work, or the â€Å"dream thought† hidden inShow MoreRelatedHeart of Darkness Themes Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesJacob Lachini Ms. Batten ENG 4U1-03 Monday, October 29th, 2012. Literary Criticisms in Relation to Heart of Darkness Interpretation is the revenge of the intellect upon art. Even more. It is the revenge of the intellect upon the world. To interpret is to impoverish, to deplete the world -- in order to set up a shadow world of meanings,† Susan Sontag. It is a persons interpretation of any form of literary work that defines itself, what the author intends a reader to discover may be completelyRead MoreHills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway Essay examples882 Words   |  4 PagesElephants by Ernest Hemingway â€Å"Which line of criticism best suits this short story? Ernest Hemingway’s ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ is suited to a Psychoanalytic perspective criticism and is the most effective, as it contains hidden, deeper meanings which the author had represented in this piece, by explicating the text to explore the themes of choices, plot, setting and imagery, and essentially abortion. Psychoanalytic criticism expresses the secret unconscious desires and Read MoreEssay Psychoanalytic Criticism1137 Words   |  5 PagesPsychoanalytic Criticism Introduction The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud spent much of his life exploring the workings of the unconscious. Freuds work has influenced society in ways which we take for granted. When we speak of Freudian slips or look for hidden causes behind irrational behavior, we are using aspects of Freudian analysis. Many literary critics have also adopted Freuds various theories and methods. In order to define Freudian literary criticism, we will examine how various criticsRead MoreHeart of Darkness in the Light of Psychoanalytic Theories.4599 Words   |  19 PagesPsychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the technique of psychoanalysis. Freud developed a language that described, a model that explained, and a theory that encompassed human psychology. His theories are directly and indirectly concerned with the nature of the unconscious mind. Through his multiple case studies, Freud managed to find convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivated by psychologicalRead MorePsychoanalytic Criticism Originated In The Work Of Austrian1287 Words   |  6 PagesPsychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Freud discovered that most of our actions are motivated by psychological forces over which we have very limited control. One of Freud’s most important contributions to the study of the psyche is his theory of repression: the unconscious mind is a repository of repressed desires, feelings, memories, wishes and instinctual dri ves. A principal element in Freud’s theory is his assignment of the mental processes toRead MoreSons And Lovers : Psychoanalytic Criticism Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesSons and Lovers: Psychoanalytic Criticism David Herbert Lawrence was born September 11, 1885 in a small coal mining village in Nottingham, England. He was the fourth child of Arthur and Lydia Lawrence. Arthur was a coal miner who worked in the mine from age ten until he was sixty-six. Lydia the more educated out of the two was born into a lower-middle class family; this changed when her father suffered a financial disaster. She passed down to her sons the profound desire to move out of the workingRead MorePsychoanalytic Criticism Of Sons And Lovers1597 Words   |  7 Pageshis ability to form lasting relationship with other women. The book can be best understood using the psychoanalytic lens because many events and characters in the book are based on people in Lawrence’s life. Psychoanalytic criticism is a method of interpreting text that developed by Sigmund Freud that tells the reader about how literacy text is formed and the meaning of the formation. This criticism claims that literature is ambiguous, having a conscious (surface meaning) and unconscious meaning Read MorePsychoanalytic Perspective Of Kurtz s Heart Of Darkness1200 Words   |  5 PagesHari Krishnan - Period 4 Post AP Literary Theory - Dr. Parchesky September 29th, 2017 Psychoanalytic perspective of Kurtz in Heart of Darkness The novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad reveals the uncanny similarities between the Europeans and the natives as well as demonstrates why imperialism is not â€Å"civilizing† the natives. Although Conrad often dehumanizes the natives, he still demonstrates that Europeans still are savage in some ways. Kurtz is an example of the savagery still remnant in EuropeanRead More Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Carl Jungs Principle of Opposites2119 Words   |  9 Pagespioneer of psychoanalytic theory along with his former partner and mentor, Sigmund Freud. Though Jung split from Freud and diverged onto his own unbeaten trail of psychoanalysis two years before his decease, they are both highly revered for the myriad of ways in which they developed the understanding of the mind. Parallel to this period, Joseph Conrad penned and published the novella Heart of Darkness, which tackled much of what Jung had found about the psyche and its inner workings. In Heart of Darkn essRead MoreEssay about Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism2493 Words   |  10 Pagesauthor of the story is protruding their own subconscious thoughts and beliefs through their characters? Absolutely, most critics have adapted psychoanalytic literary criticism theory based upon the works of psychoanalysis by famous psychologists Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Jacques Lacan to literary works. Psychoanalytic literary criticism does not constitute a unified field....However, all variants endorse, at least to a certain degree, the idea that literature...is fundamentally

The Invasion Of Japan Into China - 1660 Words

The Japanese and Chinese have always had disputes with one another, and one of the biggest reasons for the Chinese and Japanese hating each other is the Invasion of Japan into China. It began with Japan invading and occupying Manchuria causing the hatred between the two countries to grow immensely. According to the New World encyclopedia, what made matter worse, was that China was at war with itself, the war was between the Chinese Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party. Sun Yat-sen dies in 1925, soon after, commander in chief Chiang Kai-Shek of the National Army set out on an expedition to the North. This expedition was an effort to exterminate the commanders of the war and as well as feudalism. However, when a year passes, in 1926, the Nationalist Party had divided into left and right factions where communism had begun to grow from the inside out. After many disputes, on April 7, 1927, Chiang and other nationalist had decided to hold a meeting where they had decided the communist were being socially and economically disruptive. They would then join together in order to suppress them and keep the national revolution ongoing. Hence on April 12, Nationalist leader Chiang commenced an expulsion of the communist in the Shanghai area, leading to the execution and arrest of hundreds of communist members. This became known as the â€Å"Shanghai Massacre†, enraged, the communist would attempt to conquer cities such as Changsha, Guangzhou, Nanchang, and Shantou. After manyShow MoreRelatedJapan Invades China (1931-37)1567 Words   |  7 PagesJapan invades China (1931-37) Japan’s main objectives of invading China in 1931 were to destroy communism and poses control over neighboring areas on the Asian continent. It was believed such a control was necessary to be able to issue possible military threats and inquire the natural resources needed to insure Japan’s economic independence. â€Å"By defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, Japan acquired possession of Russia’s Liaodong Peninsula Leasehold, which she renamed the KwantungRead MoreThe Roles Played by Different Countries during World War II1483 Words   |  6 Pagesfought between two major military alliances namely the axis powers and the allies. The Axis power was a group of countries led by Nazi Germany, kingdom of Italy and empire of Japan. The allies led by united kingdom were joined later on Soviet Union and United states of America. The allies were represented by republic of China in pacific. Let us have a closer look at these two millitary allianc es. The Axis Power: Axis nations or axis countries were the one that fought agains the allied nations inRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles And The Great Depression1068 Words   |  5 Pagesof peace based on a true mindset of forgiveness and compromise. Although member states were originally optimistic of the League, it soon proved to be a failure due to several difficulties. The Great Depression, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, and the Italian invasion of Abyssinia led to the great failure of collective security, eventually leading to the start of the Second World War in 1939. The Great Depression, a world economic crisis that began in 1929, had a drastic effect on the failureRead MoreEast Asian Union : The World Trade Organization1468 Words   |  6 Pagesin November 1, 1993. After that, other European countries became the member of the EU to promote the development of the whole Europe. Currently, the US, the only superpower country in this planet, is still looking for the assistance with the EU and Japan, South Korea and etc. The establishment of the World Bank, the World Trade Organization verifies the significance of the cooperation as well. Hence, for the future of globalization in East Asia, East Asia countries should set up an East Asian UnionRead MoreContinuing The Greater Co Prosperity Sphere Through Oil Independence1698 Words   |  7 PagesContinuing the Greater Co-Prosperity Sphere Through Oil Independence 1. Addressing the Problem: Due to the Japanese presence in China during the late 1930s and early 1940s, the United States embargoed oil exports to Japan as a punishment for interfering with the open trade policy in China. This embargo was detrimental to the Japanese supply because Japan depended on the US for 80% of its imported oil. The Japanese also had no significant natural sources of oil in its possession. 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Banking Regulations in Australia for Past - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBanking Regulations in Australiafor Past, Present Future. Answer: The financial system of Australia has experienced instrumental change since its inception. Though the difference between the different forms of financial institutions has blurred with time, the structure of this system is usually typified in context of the primary institutions which operate within it. Based on this, four major developments in the financial system structure of Australia stand out. The first and foremost is the rise in significance of banks, which directly make up for half of the assets of the overall financial system today, up from 40% in 1985. Besides the conventional lending and retail deposit taking functions, banks are engaged in almost every facet of financial intermediation, such as fund management, insurance, stockbroking, financial markets and business banking. Currently, there are 53 banks in the country, out of which 14 are Australia owned. The four biggest banks within the banking system of the nation are Westpac Banking Corporation, Commonwealth Bank of Au stralia, National Australia Bank, and ANZ Banking Group (Goodhart et al., 2013). The present essay delves into the history, present and future of banking regulation in Australia. In 1911, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia was set up through an Act. This institution was later on renamed as Reserve Bank of Australia in 1959 under the law, to discharge central banking functions. The commercial and savings functions were moved to a separate body corporate, that held the original name of Commonwealth Bank of Australia. The power to formulate laws regarding banking and currency was then vested with the Australian Parliament after the Federation of the Australian States into the Commonwealth of Australia. During 1911, the Bank was given the responsibility of the regular functions of savings and commercial banking under the initial Commonwealth Bank Act (Paterson and Mallesons, 2017). It did not hold central banking remit, nor was it in charge of issuing notes. The Governor had the management of the Bank under his authority. The Bank commenced business during mid-1912. The Treasury Department was administering note issue at that time. The duty of issuing notes was given to a Notes Board in 1920, from the Treasury. This board comprised of four people who were assigned by the Government. By virtue of his position, the Governor of the Bank was also a member of the Notes Board. Note issue was resultantly administered by the Bank, although the two bodies were independent of one another. After amendments in the Commonwealth Bank Act 1924, the control of issuing notes was transferred to the Bank. Board, comprising of 8 directors, was given the administration of this (Black, Kirkwood and Shah, 2009). Since then till 1945, the central banking functions of the Bank evolved steadily, principally to counter the demands of the financial crisis during the 1930s and subsequently by formal extension of its authority under wartime legislations. These encompassed exchange control plus a plethora of other controls over the system. The reformed Commonwealth Bank Act in conjunction with the Banking Act, both created during 1945, made the Banks powers pertaining to the overseeing of banking and fiscal policy and forex control official. The board ceased in existence as per the legislation of 1945 and in its place, came an advisory council which had 6 members (officials from the Treasury and Bank). The legislation clearly mentioned that the Governor would still be accountable for Banks management (McCoach and Landy, 2013). Nonetheless, a new Act in 1951, created a new board which comprised ten members and the Governor was still responsible for management of the Bank. This has long been the structure of the board since then, barring a few modifications. As aforementioned, the Reserve Bank Act of 1959 conserved the initial body corporate, under the name of RBA, to undertake the central functions of banking of the Commonwealth Bank, which had developed gradually; other Acts differentiated the savings banking and commercial banking activities into the new formed Commonwealth Banking Corporation. The Reserve Bank Act of 1959 became enforceable from January 14th, 1960 (Wallison, 2013). There were not many significant modifications in the activities of the RBA until the removal of exchange control subsequent the float of the countrys currency in 1983. However, there were some gradual shift toward market-centric techniques of executing monetary policy, a movement from the system of direct controls on the countrys banks. The Campbell Committee, an important financial system inquiry was formed in 1979, and five years after its appointment, the financial scenario of Australia changed to a virtually deregulated system. During the same time, th e RBA developed a specialized banking supervisory function (Putnis, 2014). One more inquiry (the Wallis Committee) was announced into the Australian Financial system in 1996. This inquiry presented two important outcomes for the Bank, which were both enforceable from July 1st, 1998. The function of banking supervision was shifted to a newly formed body, the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA), from the RBA. The APRA was given control of supervising every deposit taking institution. Amendments were also made in the Reserve Bank Act to form a new Payments System Board, with an obligation to advocate the efficiency and safety of the payments system of Australia. New Acts the Payment Systems and Netting Act 1998 and the Payment Systems Act 1998 were introduced, providing the Bank pertinent authorities in this domain (McNally, Chambers and Thompson, 2004). Presently, the RBA, APRA and the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) are the main regulators of the banking system in Australia. The RBA is the central bank with the enduring responsibility for the Australian payment systems efficiency and safety and the stability of the countrys monetary policy and financial system. The RBA does not have any involvement in prudential supervision of the ADIs. Exchange control is also technically a function of the RBA, nonetheless, on a real scale, RBA permission is not needed when forex transactions are carried out by money market dealers or forex dealers who have been sanctioned by the ASIC (Calipo and Rehder, 2017). The RBA is also not responsible for managing sanctions in relation to forex control after the Autonomous Sanctions Regulations was introduced in 2011. This duty is now of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister has the authority to assign an entity or a person, to whom prov ision of assets is prescribed. The APRA regulates institutions in the Australian financial sector. It licenses and prudentially supervises all ADIs and NOHCs sanctioned by APRA. It also supervises general and life insurance firms plus superannuation funds. Such supervisory powers of the APRA emerge from a series of legislation, mainly, from the Superannuation Industry Act 1993, the Life Insurance Act 1995 as well as the Banking Act. While discharging its powers and functions, the institution needs to balance the goals of efficiency and financial safety, competitive neutrality, contestability and competition, and in balancing such goals, to advocate the stability of Australian financial system (Bailey, Davies and Dixon, 2004.). The ASIC is responsible for promoting and monitoring market integrity in addition to customer protection. This includes oversight of the market conduct and disclosure of Australian firms, and for licensing pertaining to financial services and products. ASIC, in collaboration with the RBA, is also accountable to take some regulatory steps to mitigate systematic risk in settlement and clearing systems. For this purpose, the ASIC has authority under the Corporations Act 2001 pertaining to the standard establishment, licensing and direction of providers of settlement and clearing facilities (Lui, 2016). The Australian Treasury is obligated to advise the government on the stability of its financial system as well as on supervisory and governmental matters regarding financial system infrastructure. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is the countrys consumer and competition protection body accountable for advocating adherence to competition law by enforcing and admini stering the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. The ACC promotes competitive markets by reprimanding firms that advocate their market influence by intentionally misleading customers or using restrictive trade practices. The Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre is the regulator of anti-money laundering in Australia (Paterson and Mallesons, 2017). It oversees abidance with anti-money laundering laws by a broad spectrum of financial service providers encompassing all ADIs. The Banking Regulation situation in Australia has experienced immense activity in the past few years. This has overlapped with a reconsideration of the role of financial institutions in the Australian society. It also concurred with market pressures to alter the way banks have been managing their risks. Before the economic downturn, credit spreads were not high, leverage was available easily, banks had become extremely interconnected, and big maturity mismatch was common (Posner, 2009). Several financial assets had been perfectly priced, and various banks had underpinned their business models on the presumption that nothing would go unexpectedly. For some time everything was going as planned; banks were immensely profitable, and the worldwide growth was also robust. However, the risk was underpriced, and there was excessive leverage, and not much was being done to deal with the growing vulnerabilities (Gorajek and Turner, 2010). The outcome was that the citizens paid a heavy price. Luckily as compared to the worldwide developments, banks in Australia were faring relatively better. However, as finance is a global field, some of the implications of the events overseas were being experienced in Australia too. In the wake of this situation, it is not astonishing that regulators and the banks themselves seek to deal with the several issues. Capital ratios are being raised plus the capital quality is also being enhanced. Maturity transformation is reducing, and the banks are keeping greater liquid assets (Lowe, 2012). Such modifications are not just occurring because of the refined regulations, but also due to the demands of the marketplace. Cumulated, such modifications are raising the cost of financial intermediation undertaken across banks balance sheets. The choice which the society is making partially via the regulators is to pay more but have less of financial intermediation. The advantage that the society and regulators wish to attain is a stable and safer financial system. However, this choice has two major implications. The first is related to lending spreads as well as return on bank equity. The second is the high cost of financial intermediation (PWC, 2016). It is now time to turn toward the subject of the future course of financial regulation. This is definitely a vast topic. However, there are three major issues that need to be looked at. The first is the importance of supervision. One of the most evident lessons from banking history is that the financial sector always finds a way to connect savers with borrowers. New products are introduced, and a new type of financing emerges. Australia has witnessed several examples of this in previous decades. Reflecting back on the experience of past few years, it appears that rules are being seen as a replacement for supervision. This is a big mistake. Financial stability cannot be preserved only by rules. It demands competent and active supervision (Davis, 2012). Sound supervision requires a wholesome system focus. The supervisor ought to contemplate the implications of institutions adopting corresponding strategies. It requires reviewing the interrelatedness between banks closely. There is a ne ed to review developments in credit growth, asset prices and construction activity, and how are these apportioned across Australia. Subsequent to that, it requires comprehension of how the competitive dynamics are altering. The APRA is making genuine efforts to serve Australia through its approach to supervision which focuses on the entire industry. The RBA and Council of Financial Regulators are supporting the APRA, and these bodies have frequent discussions on system-wide developments (Ernst Young, 2013). It is crucial that with agreement and execution of new rules, such powerful attention to system-wide supervision is maintained. One of the things that have manifested due to the evolution of banking regulation in the last two decades is that the Basel committee has continuously raised the intrusiveness and complexity of regulations they suggest. During this time, the banks leverage has grown seen in the current fall in the ratio of equity to assets. The attention is on having capital requirements which have been risk-adjusted so that if the bank is involved in any risky business, it needs to maintain a higher capital ratio to serve as a buffer to safeguard depositors from loss. The problem is how to define risk (Posner, 2009). The last two decades of experience shows that is extremely difficult to define risk accurately, plus there are so many incentives for banks to involve in activities which are not seen as extremely risky by regulators. Hence, an alternative method is to establish a higher but simple leverage ratio, wherein the ratio is identified as a minimum amount of capital compared to the size of it s exposures. The risk here is that banks may react to it by indulging in greater-risk activities. However, there is no reason why the regulators cannot raise the minimum capital ratio which they need for any bank (Lowe, 2012). To recap, it is worth re-mentioning that the banks of Australia have performed far better than their global counterparts in the past some years. This is in part due to the robust economic outcomes in the country plus the approach of APRA toward supervision and regulation. However, it also shows higher lending standards of the Australian banks than some of their international peers plus their comparative restricted exposure to innovative and risky financial products. While the country did not get too much engulfed in the economic downturn, the North Atlantic crisis definitely has a considerable effect on its banking and financial system. This is taking place through the stiffening of regulation and marketplace developments. Several changes are positive and are likely to augment the resilience and safety of the banking system (Konzelmann and Davies, 2013). However, as these modifications happen, everyone having an inclination toward finance must do their best to comprehend the effect o n the availability and cost of finance. Also, the regulators must not neglect system-wide supervision. References Bailey, K., Davies, M. and Dixon, L., 2004. Asset Securitisation in Australia. Financial Stability Review. Black, S, Kirkwood, J. and Shah, I., 2009. Australian Corporates' Sources and Uses of Funds, RBA Bulletin, pp 112. Calipo, A. and Rehder, P., 2017. Banking Industry Outlook: Banking reimagined. Deloitte. Cornish, S., 2010. The Evolution of Central Banking in Australia. Reserve Bank of Australia, Sydney. Davis, K., 2012. A system at risk: the case for regulatory overhaul in Australias banking sector. [Online]. Available through: https://theconversation.com/a-system-at-risk-the-case-for-regulatory-overhaul-in-australias-banking-sector-6417. [Accessed on 13th September 2017]. Ernst Young. 2013. Building the bank of 2030 and beyond. [pdf]. Available through: https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY_-_Building_the_bank_of_2030_and_beyond/$FILE/EY-Building-the-bank-of-2030-and-beyond.pdf. [Accessed on 13th September 2017]. Goodhart, C., Hartmann, P., Llewellyn, D., Suarez, L. and Weisbrod, S., 2013. Financial Regulation: Why, How and Where Now? Routledge. Gorajek, A. and Turner, G., 2010. Australian Bank Capital and the Regulatory Framework. [Online]. Available through: https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2010/sep/6.html. [Accessed on 13th September 2017]. Konzelmann, S. and Davies, M., 2013. Banking Systems in the Crisis: The Faces of Liberal Capitalism. Routledge. Lowe, P., 2012. Bank Regulation and the Future of BanGking. [Online]. Available through: https://www.rba.gov.au/speeches/2012/sp-dg-110712.html. [Accessed on 13th September 2017]. Lui, A., 2016. Financial Stability and Prudential Regulation: A Comparative Approach to the UK, US, Canada, Australia and Germany. Taylor Francis. McCoach, L. and Landy, D., 2013. Australia. [pdf]. Available through: https://www.claytonutz.com/ArticleDocuments/178/Law-Business-Research-Banking-Regulation-Review-Australia-2013.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y. [Accessed on 13th September 2017]. McNally, S., Chambers, S. and Thompson, C., 2004. The Australian Hedge Fund Industry. Financial Stability Review. Paterson, I. and Mallesons, W., 2017. Banking regulation in Australia: overview. Thomson Reuters. Posner, R., 2009. How Should Banking Be Regulated? The Atlantic. [Online]. Available through: https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2009/05/how-should-banking-be-regulated/17271/. [Accessed on 13th September 2017]. Putnis, J., 2014. The Banking Regulation Review. Law Business Research Ltd. PWC. 2016. Escaping the commodity trap: the future of banking in Australia. [pdf]. Available through: https://www.pwc.com.au/pdf/pwc-report-future-of-banking-in-australia.pdf. [Accessed on 13th September 2017]. Wallison, P., 2013. Bad History, Worse Policy: How a False Narrative about the Financial Crisis Led to the Dodd-Frank Act. Rowman Littlefiled.

What Is A Hero Essays (796 words) - Chinese Communists, Rice

What Is A Hero? What is a hero? A hero is a person noted or admired for nobility, courage, or outstanding achievements. In the two stories I read the two main characters, although much different from each other in rank, had many things in common. In the story ?Field of Rice?- Buck, the character Wang San represents the traditional, ancestral values of life especially when it comes to knowledge of the land and growing rice. He believes rice should be grown close to the soil, and that this has proven successful in China for thousands of years. He risks getting himself and his villagers shot by voicing his opinion on how to plant rice to the communist authorities, represented by Comrade Li. Comrade Li wanted the villagers to cut deep into the soil with machines just like the Americans. However, Wang Sang disagreed he said it may be successful in America but it wouldn't work on China's ancient soil. Comrade Li is guided by the principles of Chairman Mao. He believes in communism and that everyone shares equally when it comes to food, clothing, and land. He accepted the new thinking that rice should be planted more deeply into the soil. He also believes on coming down hard on any villager who disobeys. He's completely brainwashed by the communist system to the extent that he denounces his own father who refused to become a communist, he saw this as his duty even though his father was shot. Wang San sees this ?duty? as a dangerous matter. He sees the dangers of having to choose family traditions and feelings over duty, but he does so anyways. He risks going to see Comrade Li on two occasions: One to try to make him change his mind and later to console him when the rice crop fails. Comrade Li realizes that he's been defeated and that he was wrong about the rice. He later turns a gun on himself as a result. Wang San to me is considered heroic because he does instinctively leap forward preventing Li from killing himself. Also because he was outspoken about his beliefs regardless of any consequences. In the story ?Blood of the Martyrs?-Benet, Professor Malzius admires the scientific ability of his students, but he wishes to remain ?aloof? when it comes to their personal lives, and their political concerns, out of the classroom. However, his students tell him things because they like his truthfulness; he hears of their political concerns even though he doesn't want to. He is lulled into a false sense of security because he assumes the new political regime would have no interest in him, for he is not a political person, only a biochemist. Therefore he assumes he'll be left alone, however he is wrong. Bonnard, Malzius' friend, is different; he did leave the new regime when it came into power. Also unlike Malzius he's politically active and vocal, he signs, protest, attends rallies and writes anti-government statements from a secure, distant land. It is ironic that he, and not Malzius, is free. Professor Malzius is imprisoned on insufficient evidence. He is maltreated and apparently held without trial for supposedly being a conspirator with his students in an underground, political movement. He was treated fairly badly. His glasses had been cracked as a result of numerous beatings. They are completely broken by the time he's led to his execution. He's had teeth missing and his knees has broken and poorly set. He feels he has a low blood count and he's probably correct. The dictator sees his state as one that will lead the world because he believes his people are superior to all other nations. The idea of republics and democracies must be squashed; everyone must submit to the will of the state. These are the ideas that the dictator wants Malzius to put across to people. This is what will gain Malzius his freedom from prison. Even though Malzius feels one political regime is just as good as another, and he could salute any dictator if need be, he does draw the line. Malzius has too much integrity as a scientist to spread lies. Scientists are engaged in the pursuit of truth, and to do anything less would be to shortchange students and

Computer Technologies essays

Computer Technologies essays At the end of the Cold War computer technology was on the verge of new era. Glocal satellite communications and the Internet opened a new portal to the world and if the U.S. Navy wanted to stay the dominant power to control the seas it had to take advantage of every technological advancement and innovative idea. Organizing a private intranet network incorporated with web applications and technology quickly became the backbone of global and local Navy vessell coordination and synchronization. High-tech multitask computers became the core of projects for new Navy ships where their use made the crew volume decrease by a hundred, a hundred and fifty percent. Also the versatility of cumputer and web applications allows the Department of Navy to stay just inside its budget, which is declining every year, by the integration of comercial everyday software into their systems to help the Navy build their global computer network. Applications like these, some of which people even use in their h omes, saves the Navy money by not having to purchase and design special software for military-only purpose. The most significant and impactful project for the network centralization of the Navy using modern computer technology is the "Information Technology for the 21st Century" project also called IT-21. Ever since its deployment the IT-21 quickly gave favorable results and promising future, and one of the most valuable benefits from it, was the coordination of vessels to conduct massive operations: : "This first IT-21 deployment was a revolution in connectivity for cruiser-destroyer (CruDes) units. The combination of enhanced IT systems, expanded connectivity paths, and power projection placed them in a prominent role during the execution of Tomahawk strikes in support of Operation Allied Force in May and April 1999. A group consisting of a guided-missile cruiser, guided-missile destroyer, destroyer, and two attack submarines conducted the initial p...

How Index Fossils Help Define Geologic Time

How Index Fossils Help Define Geologic Time Every fossil tells us something about the age of the rock its found in, and index fossils are the ones that tell us the most. Index fossils (also called key fossils or type fossils) are those that are used to define periods of geologic time. Characteristics  of an Index Fossil A good index fossil is one with four characteristics: it is distinctive, widespread, abundant, and limited in geologic time. Because most fossil-bearing rocks formed in the ocean, the major index fossils are marine organisms. That being said, certain land organisms are useful in young rocks and specific regions. Boom-And-Bust Organisms Any type of organism can be distinctive, but not so many are widespread. Many important index fossils are of organisms that start life as floating eggs and infant stages, which allowed them to populate the world using ocean currents. The most successful of these became abundant, yet at the same time, they became the most vulnerable to environmental change and extinction. Thus, their time on Earth may have been confined to a short period of time. That boom-and-bust characteristic is what makes the best index fossils. Trilobites, Hard-Shelled Invertebrates Consider trilobites, a very good index fossil for Paleozoic rocks that lived in all parts of the ocean. Trilobites were a class of animal, just like mammals or reptiles, meaning that the individual species within the class had noticeable differences. Trilobites were constantly evolving new species during their existence, which lasted 270 million years from Middle Cambrian time to the end of the Permian Period, or almost the entire length of the Paleozoic. Because they were mobile animals, they tended to inhabit large, even global areas. They were also hard-shelled invertebrates, so they fossilized easily. These fossils are large enough to study without a microscope. Other index fossils of this type include ammonites, crinoids, rugose corals, brachiopods, bryozoans, and mollusks. The USGS offers a more detailed list of invertebrate fossils (with scientific names only). Small or Microscopic Fossils Other major index fossils are small or microscopic, part of the floating plankton in the world ocean. These are handy because of their small size. They can be found even in small bits of rock, such as wellbore cuttings. Because their tiny bodies rained down all over the ocean, they can be found in all kinds of rocks. Therefore, the petroleum industry has made great use of index microfossils, and geologic time is broken down in quite fine detail by various schemes based on graptolites, fusulinids, diatoms, and radiolarians.   The rocks of the ocean floor are geologically young, as they are constantly subducted and recycled into the Earths mantle. Thus, marine index fossils older than 200 million years are normally found in sedimentary strata on land in areas that were once covered by seas.   Terrestrial Rocks For terrestrial rocks, which form on land, regional or continental index fossils may include small rodents that evolve quickly, as well as larger animals that have wide geographic ranges. These form the basis of provincial time divisions.   Defining Ages, Epochs, Periods, and Eras Index fossils are used in the formal architecture of geologic time for defining the ages, epochs, periods, and eras of the geologic time scale. Some of the boundaries of these subdivisions are defined by mass extinction events, like the Permian-Triassic extinction. The evidence for these events is found in the fossil record wherever there is a disappearance of major groups of species within a geologically short amount of time.   Related fossil types include the characteristic fossil, a fossil that belongs to a period but doesnt define it, and the guide fossil, one that helps narrow down a time range rather than nail it down.

Final paper traft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final paper traft - Essay Example If they are denied equal rights under the law, it is unreasonable discrimination. Heterosexuals are allowed to marry. Homosexuals should be allowed to marry. A. Cultural variation exists and has long existed, with respect to the form of marriage. In some cultures, marriage is between one man and one woman. In an example of regional Tibetan culture, marriage is between one woman and all brothers of a family (Berreman, 1975). In other cultures (Muslim and traditional Mormon, for example), marriage is between one man and various women. From the news there periodically come articles about a man who married a mountain and a popular female celebrity who married a tree. B. The man who married a mountain did so out of a strong spiritual connection, and the woman who married a tree did so as part of a traditional spiritual solution to strengthen her upcoming marriage. Tibetans, Mormons and Muslims participate in their cultural variation because it is seen to strengthen the family and have positive spiritual implications. Variation and choice are part of marriage in most cultures. C. Many cultures recognize both homosexual and heterosexual marriage. While there are cultural pockets where homosexuality is strongly abhorred (for example in Sri Lanka, where male homosexuality is a serious crime), the modern trend is toward increased legal and social acceptance of variation and recognition of human rights. From Canada and America to India and other countries in Asia, gay marriage is being legalized and supported. There is increased tolerance even in cultural pockets currently prohibiting homosexuality. D. Homosexuals do not differ in any capacity for the sincere performance of marriage, with all its meanings and outcomes (Graff, 1999). Their variation from the norm is not a reflection on capacity, just as other variations the world over do not reflect on their

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Project management - Essay Example According to Quinn a company should first of all define and map the various types of development projects. The management in Musimax will have to invest in the commercial and research development projects. So the management will have to put in place cost reduced versions of the existing products. The management will also have to set aside funds for research so as to create the know-how and know-why of new technologies and materials that will eventually lead into development of these products (Quinn, 1985). Q2) .If the management actually want to cut costs by 40% in the next two months it should focus on the following solutions which will be beneficial. According to Macgregor and Carlisle, the management should stop making all the operating decisions for themselves. Instead the management should hold weekly meetings with its subordinates and be informed of what they are doing and how they are dealing with arising issues. Using the above it will be easier to appraise their managerial and technical abilities. Actually this will make them know how to solve problems on their own and it will help save time and thus the company will generate more income probably in less than two months. The other project that the management should focus on in order to cut down costs is always train their employees and making the workplace a learning environment. According to Macgregor when employees are well equipped with knowledge then they will be able to solve problems quickly and thus avoid wastage of ti me. They will also be willing to assist other employees when there arises a problem since this will eventually be beneficial to them. It will help a lot especially when there are vacancies they will be the appropriate candidates to fill the gap instead of wasting money looking for new staff. If the management promotes it own existing staff to fill certain vacancies then it will save a lot on advertisement costs and all the costs required in employment of

Global Warming Poses Threat to Ski Resorts in USA Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Poses Threat to Ski Resorts in USA Essay The American west is marvellous, it is large with grand landscapes and mountains reaching to the sky . The plains unfold to the horizon and the vistas present an unimaginable panorama. Just like any where else in the world, water is an essential element to life here but it is scarce hence creating the wests vulnerability. Precipitation is generally low and cannot support agriculture it is for this reason that agriculture is only possible through irrigation. This precipitation is not only scarce but scarcest in the summers when it is mostly needed but falls disproportionately and mostly in the mountains in the winter. The only saving grace is that in winter it precipitates as snow and stays as snow packs throughout the winter. It is on the basis of these weather patterns that the winter sports tourism is established. This industry has served as the main economic driving machine of the west and other other areas for decades. However, changing climatic patterns and global warming has emerged as a serious threat to the existence of the winter sports industry. Projected increases in average global temperatures due to increases in green house gases in the atmosphere has been incriminated in widespread glacial and white cap decreases, ocean level rise and warming but most importantly in the reduction of snow cover and the decrease in the duration of winter tourism. The unpredictability of the future and the climate sensitive nature of winter sports tourism has led to many initiative aimed curbing the increase in green house gases and consequently making snow available. Introduction Compelling evidence suggests that global climate has been on a progressive change since the industrial era and is projected to continue over the 21st century and beyond. Global warming and climate change is an unequivocal phenomenon. Global mean temperature has been on the increase with an approximate increase of 0. 760 C between 1850-1899. the same increase has been found between 2001 and 2005. This means that global predictions of temperature bear a 90% probability (IPPC. Climate Change and Tourism, 2007). These increases in average temperatures are a direct result of human activities that increase the concentrations of green house gases in the atmosphere. The extent of these discernible human influences have also extended to other climate change aspects such as temperature extremes, changes in wind patterns, continental average temperatures and ocean warming. The same is applicable to the widespread glacial and white cap decreases coupled with warming of the ocean surface temperatures, the result is a sea level rise of approximately 1. 8mm yearly from 1961-2003 and approximately 3. 1mm yearly from 1993-2003. The resultant effect of biological response in ecosystems and species diversity presents an unpleasant scenario and these statistics are recorded in virtually every continent. It is projected that the probability of increase in global temperatures will further accelerate green house gas emissions at the present or above the present rates. The prediction pushes overall global temperature rise by 1. 80C -4. 00C. Assuming that the atmospheric concentrations of green house gases are stabilized, the warming effect would still continue due to the levels of green house gases from past emissions and the consequent thermal inertia of oceans. The biological response would also be extrapolated to future centuries even if the levels are stabilized at the present concentrations today. The discernible manifestations worldwide will be hot temperature extremes, extreme heat waves, heavy precipitation, peak wind speeds and precipitation in tropical cyclone events and an additional heavy precipitation associated with increases in tropical sea and surface temperatures. Together with these climatic changes extra tropical storm tracks are projected to shift towards the poles. All these changes together with the decreases in show cover will continue into the future. The economic and environmental risks are unfathomable and would effectively impede nations strides towards the achievements of sustainable developments. However, there is hope that if precautions and measures are taken to reduce green house gases today the high costs of environmental and economic destruction and disruption can fairly be mitigated. This calls for lifestyle changes, economic policies and regulations and international efforts that not only help reduce the causative agents of climate change and global warming but also foster adaptation and mitigation measures to meet the challenges of climate change. Climate change and Tourism Climate change, especially global warming has grown to be a pivotal issue in the development and management of tourism. The relationship between the environment, climate and tourism sector is currently a highly sensitive economic matter. Climate change is increasingly driving tourism development and decision making, changing tourism destinations and even tourist tastes. Tourism sector remains a non negligible contributor to climatic changes. GHG emissions from transport and accommodation must be reduced in accordance with international standards. Tourism sector cannot address the challenges of climatic changes themselves and in isolation but they can only do this in the context of sustainable development and the broader international development agenda. Tourism and the sustainability of tourism destinations is dependent on climate variability. The length and the quality of seasons as well as destination choice and the level of tourist spending are all determined by climate change. Climate change and winter sports Winter sports constitute a very source of income and the reliability of snow is a key element in the touristic offer. Skiing and snowboarding are the most common forms of writer sports but others such as snow hiking and cross-country skiing also depends on the reliability and the availability of enough snow. Mountainous areas are always very sensitive to climate change hence less snow, melting permafrost, receding glaciers and extreme events such as landslides. Additionally climate change shift mountain fauna and flora. These effects pose a direct threat to ski resorts in the United States. Lower earnings in winter tourism will only serve to exacerbate economic disparities that exist between the alpine regions and the more developed urban areas. These changes will also increase the risk of only skiing at high altitude up the mountain. If this was to happen there would be an intense concentration of sports activities in certain regions as well as further putting pressure on the environmentally sensitive high mountains. The extrapolation of the effects of global warming on winter tourism extends to the viability of the mountain cable way companies that use the availability of snow as a prerequisite for their financial stability. Without snow or enough snow the profitability of the ski industry is impossible. The absence of snow in the mountains will be like having a summer without a sea. The variability of the winter season with response to climate change will deny the winter sports industry the right levels of snow at the right time. These forecasts are a necessity in planning for trips at shorter notices especially the weekends (Rolf Burki et al, 2003) Studies undertaken in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Australia, Switzerland and the United States to establish the impact of climate change on the tourism sector show severe implications especially to the winter sports industry. While some regions with high technological advances like adaptation strategies (artificial snow making) will maintain their tourism, others unable to adapt the expensive technologies will lose out. These transitions in business volumes will not only be driven by limiting snow levels but also the fact that skiers respond flexibility to snow conditions. During a snow poor season, 49% of skies are most likely to change to a resort that is fairly more snow reliable, 32% would reduce the frequency of skiing and only 4% would give up the sport. Coupled together with the fact that climate change has a direct effect on the number of ski days, those unable to adapt to expensive technologies will be disadvantaged and pushed out of business. (Rolf Burki et al, 2003). Snow resorts not concentrated in snow reliable high altitude areas will be forced to withdraw from the market because of decreasing levels of snow. For transport industries that will offer access to high altitude areas (sometimes higher than 200m) business prospects will be good due an expected increase in skiing at the high altitudes. The effect of this will be quantitative expansion of the high altitude skiing resorts hence eliciting a negative environmentally feedback effect caused by disruption of the ecologically sensitive high altitude mountain regions. Presently, this expected expansion to high altitude areas has been the theme of many concept studies that influence the opening up of High Mountain (Breiling and Charamza, 1999) It is for these effects of climate change that during a recent campaign in Portsmouth, N. H, Barrack Obama the Democratic Party presidential candidate reiterated that there is need to address the urgency of global warming on the ski industry. He said that global warming is not a future problem but a present one. This problem has made New Hampshire to have shorter sporting seasons and people are losing jobs. He further reiterated that residents of North America ski areas together with their customers should work hand in hand to change their energy spending. habits and resort to green technology if they were to prevent climate caused melt-downs (Laura Bly, 2007) Resorts have started investing in sustainable seafood practices, local food supplies, biodiesel powered snow cats and embracing the use of more energy efficient snow making equipment. To achieve this, campaigns on global warming and discounts are being offered to guests who come in hybrid cans. What is even more impressing is that resorts have taken the challenge of campaigning for these changes as well as acting as advocates for intergovernmental change. Effects of global warming have also been reported in Burlington Vt. The city is usually carpeted in December but unfortunately changing climatic conditions has created a mild situation where snowfall is meager just an inch thick. The temperatures are becoming warmer and fewer trails open. However, these fears have been allayed by the optimism of the meteorological department prediction that the season will progress as Christmas approaches. According to Michael Berry; president of the National ski Areas Association, the potential impacts winter recreation, the mountain ecosystem and the way of life of residents in these areas cannot be ignored. Global warming has a direct and profound effect on the ski business as it depends solely on the variability of weather. To drive this process of change, the association has adapted a policy to regulate and control climate change. The reduce, educate and advocate approach was adopted to help in the fight against global warming. Key in the policy is a call to ski resorts to work towards the reduction of green house gas emissions individually and collectively, educate the public and guests on the potential impacts of climate change to writer sports industry and be the advocate in pushing for institutional and regulatory changes aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions (Michael Berry, 2007). To this end almost half of the 59 ski resorts, who have purchased renewable energy credits or utilized green energy for their lifts and other facilities are 100% green powered hence reducing carbon dioxide emission by 427,596,000 pounds an equivalent of planting almost 17 million trees. Customers are encouraged to offset their emission and work towards increasing green energy use in their home. Generation of renewable energy through on site solar projects or micro hydro power projects and wind energy has greatly increased with Jimmy Peak Mountain Resort in Massachusetts installing the first wind turbine powered ski area in August 2007. Resort vehicle fleets are now using alternative fuels like biodiesel, they also provide or promote car pooling or mass transit use. Ski resorts are being built using green building techniques and retrofitting existing facilities all with the aim of saving energy. Though an outreach program called â€Å"Keep Winter cool† millions of people have been educated on global warming and encouraged to institute lifestyle changes to help curb global warming. Specific Impacts of Global Warming on Winter Tourism . Snow The financial viability and stability of the winter sports tourism industry solely depends on the availability of sufficient snow. Less snow pack is caused by higher average temperatures, on the other hand if there are extremely low temperatures at night then it follows that there is likely to be an average increase in daytime temperatures. In both cases the resultant effect is less mountain snow cover and a reduction in the duration of cover. (Stephen Saunders et al, 2005). This means that recreation will be shortened and the snow will be slushier. The big difference to earlier situation where snow cover was considerably reduced is that, the capital intensity of the winter sports tourism will be considerably high. When this is analyzed in the context of profits from ski dependent businesses, taxes from local and state governments, the financial prospects of industries in the winter tourism sector look bleak. However, the most important link between climate change and mountain tourism is less snow and, as a consequence, less earnings in ski tourism. Glaciers Statistics all over the world point to the fact that there is a general retreat of glacial cover all over the world. Taking Switzerland as an example, since 1850, the Swiss glaciers have lost slightly more than 25% of their surface. If this was to continue in the future, by 2030, approximately 20% to 70% of the total Swiss glacial cover will disappear. This is a real problem for the ski industry not only in Switzerland but across the world as ski tourists will resort to other countries with snow availability. The effect of this trend will be putting more pressure on the existing ski facilities as well as acting as an incentive for investment in high altitude areas. Permafrost Melting of permafrost due to global warming makes mountain areas vulnerable to landslides. Transport facilities such as the mountain cable way stations, the lift masts and buildings become instable. Them costs incurred in bracing and anchoring such buildings when permafrost melts are extremely high. Hiking and climbing in these areas is also made more dangerous hence the loss of revenue due to potential risk of injury like rockfall or other health outcomes. Despite of cries over decreases in snow levels in the future, there is a possibility of winters with heavy snow like that of 1998/1999 that brought a great deal of losses in the winter tourism industry. The avalanche winter destroyed mountain cable ways, ski-lifts and chair lifts. The expenses incurred on sow clearing and the overall loss incurred was in excess of US $ 130 million. Adaptations for the future ski industry should therefore inculcate these historical weather unpredictability patterns in improving the industrys financial viability. Adaptations and Strategies Used by the Tourism Industry to Mitigate Against the Impacts of Global Warming All tourism representatives at political,organizational, entrepreneurial or operational level have been in the forefront in pushing for adaptation strategies to curb climate change and help mitigate the potential effects of global warming. The experiences that project what is going to come in the future are prevalent today and is widely accepted that snow deficient conditions will determine whether winter tourism will remain a viable economic activity. To achieve this a multi sectoral framework that consists of the National Ski Areas Association(NSAA), Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the federal government through the Senate Environment and Public Works, state stakeholders and other non governmental civil society organizations have developed a Climate Change policy aimed at reducing the concentrations of green house emissions. Ski resorts have been encouraged to adopt safe and efficient energy usage through the exploitation of renewable energy resources. It is this concerted effort in mitigating climate change challenges that also saw the support and endorsement of McCain/Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act to spearhead the fight against global warming. Specifically these attempts will help stabilize the US$ 5 billion mountain resort industry that currently offers employment to 165,000 people. Despite the existence of facts that predict radical effects in the industry, some argue that climate change issues are very exaggerated and politicized by science and the media. They argue that even though the effects could intensify problems in the industry, the majority of resorts in medium and high altitudes will be barely affected. Discussions should yield strategies that take into account the accuracy of statistical data disseminated on climate change and critically analyze the potential consequences. These issues should further be analyzed with reference to the global competition in the winter tourism sector. The facts that accrue from these forums should then be integrated in the construction of artificial snow flaking facilities, extend existing ski runs. Opening of high altitude ski resorts (2000-3000m)should be guided by the potential ecological effect. Climate change should not only be viewed as a negative challenge to winter tourism but also as a catalyst to drive radical structural adjustment and change. These developments should take into account the present risks and opportunities as well as foster development that is in line with the strive for environmental and socio economic sustainability. This will create a highly competitive market where customer preference is not only driven by snow availability but by the efficiency of service in some very high end but smaller less extensive resorts. Such top resorts will offer attractive offers for skiing tourists and hence reduce attention on expansive developments with less attractive offers. Artificial Snow making This is an ubiquitous strategy that is widely employed to mitigate the risk of climate change. Since its inception in 1953 at the Grossingers Resort in New York, it has grown to become the principle in the ski industry with an approximate 95% of the resorts engaged in the strategy. Its success has mainly been driven by its invaluable superior nature that offers a complete substitute to natural snow fall as well as making it possible to extend skiing durations(Daniel D. D. McGill, 2007). However, this technology is heavily dependent on temperature and is only effective in cases at low temperatures. Technological advances has seen the reduction of labor costs through the use of snow guns operated by computers. Snow making utilizes vast volumes of water and therefore the availability of water must be guaranteed for efficient blanketing of a large resort. Weather Derivatives. These are weather risk management tools structured to enable ski resorts make appropriate and informed decisions. They can be structured on snow fall temperature according to the customers specifications. Other factors that can be utilized to mitigate the effects of global warming include r4evenue diversification, cloud seeding and marketing to insulate the resorts against variability of weather by enabling them to maximumly capitalize when the weather is excellent. Conclusions Climate change and global warming remains will continue to remain key challenges in the winter tourism industry especially the ski resorts. Less snow, less glaciers and extreme weather events such as landslides are the key determinants of the future viability of ski resorts. Strategies instituted to meet the challenges of climatic change and mitigate the impacts of global warming can never be successful if implemented in isolation. It is commendable fact that the skiing industry has adopted sustainable building techniques,inculcated green principles and technology in their operations among others. These precedents are admirable but we have to admit that when taken in the global context, these measures do very little in stemming the worrying tide of global warming whose effects are felt indiscriminately. Global warming is a worldwide problem and therefore all the measures undertaken by the tourism industry must be in line with national and international guidelines that aim at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In the future, tourist developments will not only be evaluated and judged with respect to their environmental or socio-economic compatibility and viability but they will also be assessed with respect to the climate-compatibility angle.

Essays --

Paul Rà ©e, an English psychologist, wrote The Origin of the Moral Sensations in 1877. Through this text, he separated morality from God, in order to find a naturalistic source for things like altruism. He discusses an idea of altruistic emotional motivation, such as pleasure, usefulness (benefits), and the avoidance of pain. Nietzsche argues against Rà ©e’s notions, saying that morals do not come from usefulness, pleasure or the avoidance of pain, but through will to power. His notion of will to power is an instinct for independent freedom. This notion is manifested differently in different people, depending on individual traits and circumstances. In his first essay, Good and Evil, Good and Bad, he explains the manifestations of power and how they are viewed. He differentiates the manifestations of the will to power in two categories: Master Morality and Slave Morality. The master morality is the notion that, â€Å"†¦the noble, powerful, high-stationed and high-minded, who felt and established themselves and their actions as good†. The word â€Å"good† in this sense is not a good represe...

Best Buy Co., Inc. and Customer Centricity Essay

Best Buy Co. , Inc. is a specialty audio retail company that, through its unique marketing methods and willingness to risk and experiment, has expanded unto numerous subsidiaries across and among continents for providing consumer electronic products and services. It adopts the concept of customer centricity, in which a company’s efforts are designed to align their target and potential clients’ needs, wants, feelings, and behavioral patterns. Though they have incurred considerable challenges and losses along the way, Best Buy Co. , Inc. ’s journey to the business accomplishment has been one that has garnered them extensive experience and strong business disposition that has truly worked not only for their principle and processes but more importantly on their development. Marketing Case Study: Best Buy Co. , Inc. and Customer Centricity Best Buy’s Top Concern: Understanding of Consumer Behavior Best Buy Inc. , Co. has made it of great importance to center their business and marketing trade operations on better recognizing and identifying the how’s, why’s, and what’s behind their consumers’ approach dynamics to electronic retail purchasers. Philip Kotler defines consumer behavior as â€Å"the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations select, buy, use, and dispose of good, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants† (Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong, Tan, 2006, p. 179), which Best Buy has made their top priority through and through. With a humble beginning as â€Å"The Sound of Music† during the mid-nineteen sixties, Best Buy initially suffered a disaster blow which they quickly translated to building a sense of customer relations and, in every extent, better brand recall. As Store Service Manager Joe Brandt emphasized, â€Å"When the tornado hit, we decided to market to the community as a whole, and get electronics out there to everybody. We geared our selves up to win by understanding what consumers want in technology,†Ã¢â‚¬â€Best Buy has not only managed to turn the most unfortunate of circumstances into positive output, but they also exuded their willingness to identify who their consumers were, why they purchase from them, and what would make them happy (Author’s Last Name, Year, p. 139). During the steady growth through the mid-nineteen eighties, Best Buy wanted to keep the customer connection they have started. Thus, they broke away from traditional business sales by â€Å"eliminating commissioned sales representatives† (Author’s Last Name, Year, p. 139). Despite having experienced momentary financial woes, the company pushed through furthering circumstances. Amidst many adjustments, significant acquisitions of Geek Squad and Magnolia Audio and Video were made possible. Today, Best Buy is more equipped to depart from individual selling and is capable of providing better, wider, and more customer-focused services, from in-store, home, and office computer services needs. Focusing on the end-users, the development in understanding the various attributes the customers and clients led to the company’s five segment priority. This meant that discovering more about who their clients really are and how their clients shop for their electronics meant that in-store service processes could be further developed to suit their target consumers and those others in between who do get their electronics needs at Best Buy. The five segment priority not only gave them the opportunity for bettering customer service and knowledge, but also with customers’ and their respective segments as the focal point of all operations, personalization even in a the setting of business relations were made possible and sustainable. The process which Best Buy Inc. , Co. started and revolved centrally on different aspects for their customers, of which they were able to maintain through out and has been key their growth and success which translated to â€Å"1,172 stores, 140,000 employees, and $35. 9 billion in revenue† and world-wide business achievement and recognition (Author’s Last Name, Year, p. 139). Best Buy’s Journey through Customer Centricity With the employment of customer centricity as the company’s foremost business principle, Best Buy has learned many business lessons which they had to accept, adjust, balance, and realize as either forms in reward or drawback. The most obviously beneficial characteristic of customer centricity which provided Best Buy with a strong sustainable business advantage is its soaring customer relations. Creating an atmosphere wherein customers are not only comfortable but also confident that all their electronic needs and concerns shall be tended and answered in any Best Buy store. Through building individual customer rapport, Best Buy creates a business situation where brand retention, customer service, quality product, and service offering are all and more associated with their name and reputation. However, in considering the whole process of adaptation, the company underwent some difficulties. In the early-on stages that led to the principle acclimatization, Best Buy experienced an increase of expenses and a decline of profits when they decided to deviate slowly from doing business via sales representatives. Additionally, this move was critically queried by analysts, but more importantly, it was greatly identified and appreciated by the customers. As the market for consumer electronics slowed down, Best Buy continued to differentiate their style of business from the competition. Hence, risk was its key catalyst that brought success, though accompanied by some hardships. In creating the five-customer segment priority—Barry, the affluent professional, Jill, the soccer mom, Carrie and Buzz, early adopters, Ray, practical adopter, and Small business—Best Buy financially endeavored through the company’s vision of centering on the customer and were prepared to incur loses to better understand the inner-workings of their consumer. Within each segment, all had specific needs and features to which Best Buy fittingly offered solutions both product and service-wise. In the process of appreciating and grasping the purchasing techniques of their customers, Best Buy realized the need for financial pre-requisite that the adaptation entails to substantiate the processes and services to better fit the client, via the trialing of â€Å"lab† stores. These lab stores stood as an evidential gauge on who customers would receive, react, and respond to â€Å"product offerings, store designs and service offering targeted at each segment† (Author’s Last Name, Year, p. 140). In the transition of adopting, Best Buy computed costs up to $600,000 to qualify a specific store outlet as customer centric. However, it all paid off since it was positively acknowledged and received by its customers (relatively performing better, compared to the average chain counterpart). Thus, it spearheaded the formal integration of Customer Centricity throughout all its stores. With this, the identification of customer qualities had to be more specific, as they had fleetingly overlooked the differences between men and women as consumer electronics shoppers. Yet, with extensive research and tuning, consumer markets further distinguished their full potential was explored and utilized. Best Buy’s Pursuit to Accommodate Male and Female Market Shopping Qualities The constricting soccer mom segment seemed to limit the female market. â€Å"Research showed that women spend $68 billion on consumer electronics each year and influence 89 percent of all purchases. † This suggests that there is much potential for profits and improving female customer relations for Best Buy (Author Last Name, Year, p. 140). In addition to this, in terms of their shopping style, â€Å"men tend to be independent, whereas women tend to seek assistance while shopping for electronics† (McGraw-Hill Irwin, n. d. ). With these facts in hand, Best Buy opted to gear their processes even more to better answer the needs of their female market. Incorporating the customer assistant program was also premeditated and established for any and every query the customer has to bring â€Å"personal shopping to the next level† (McGraw-Hill Irwin, n. d. ). The personal shopping assistant not only facilitates the discussion of the clients’ electronic needs, but they also thoroughly explain key benefits on how and why certain electronic products would impact the lives of the customers, relating them on a personal level at each transaction, which favors the more dependent shopping style of women. Also, after broadening the Jill segment, Best Buy modified their in-store design for women, from color theme, lay-out, and displays of kitchen vignettes to packages, to house more appropriately their needs and thus, be more â€Å"female friendly† (McGraw-Hill Irwin, n. d. ). Best Buy Co. , Inc. truly adapted a system in which customer comes first, in every possible business and marketing scenario and circumstance. Through centricity, Best Buy elevated their brand and brand of service which put them in a class of their own, above from competition, beyond traditional marketing, and in the minds of their customers. References Kotler, P. , Keller, K. L. , Ang, S. H. , Leong, S. M. , Tan, C. T. (2006). Marketing Management: An Asian Perspective (Fourth Edition). Singapore: Prentice Hall. McGraw-Hill Irwin. (Producer). (n. d. ). Best Buy: Using Customer Centricity to Connect with Customers [Case Study Video]. Retrieved February 20, 2009 from http://www. mhhe. com/business/marketing/kerin9e/video/Ch05_BestBuy. swf. Last Name, First Initial (Author). (Year). Book Title. (Edition). New York: McGraw Hill Irvin.

Pros and Cons of Globalization

Susan McCormick PLSC323 The Pros and Cons of Globalization Starting out, I would first like to define globalization. It is† The worldwide movement toward economic, financial ,trade, and communications integration. Globalization implies the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital, goods, and services across national frontiers. However, it does not include unhindered movement of labor and, as suggested by some economists, may hurt smaller or fragile economies if applied indiscriminately. †(Parikh,Jan. 010) Globalization has become one of the most debated subjects of the 2000's. It has been said that it is one of the best things to happen to the world by its proponents, and its opponents are labelled at is neo-imperialism. According to CNN†Globalization and localization are two sides of the same coin. More than ever, local communities are the secret of economic succ ess. In the coming decades, the number and strength of America's brain hubs will determine whether, as a country we will prosper or decline. Physical factories will keep losing importance, but cities with a large percentage of nterconnected, highly educated workers will become the new factories where ideas and knowledge are forged. Supporting growth in America's innovation hubs while arresting the decline elsewhere is the real challenge that we face as a nation. †(CNN today, October 9,2012) There are numerous pros and cons of globalization of which I will attempt to talk about both in the upcoming pages. I am beginning with the pros: Productivity grows quicker when countries produce goods and services in which they have a comparitive advantage. Some argue that globalization gives a rise to new industries and more jobs in developing countries.It also gives organizations access to cheap resources and labour in developing areas in the world. It leads to greater employment opportu nities for the people and also consumers get quality goods at competitive rates. Transport and distribution systems are also more efficient than ever before, making it much easier faster, and cheaper for businesses to deliver their products to consumers. Electronic transfers also make making and receiving international payments more secure and faster. Companies also have more flexibility to operate across borders therefore they can profit through domestic as well as international nd also they can have access to much cheaper capitial from other countries if the rate of interest is low. Globalization gives you a larger market therefore you can sell more goods and make more money. Global competition and cheap imports keep prices low and steady, so inflation is less likely to interrupt economic growth. The products are improved due to global competition. Cooking styles, languages, customs have all spread due to globalization. The spread of education worlwide is also affected meaning you can go anywhere in the world and get the education you seek. Foreign trade is impacted on an conomy, the WTO controls the way things are handled throughout the world. Comparitive advantage is a factor. Politics are merging and decisions that are being made are actually beneficial for people throughout the world. We have become more social and open and tolerant towards other countries, and we don't treat people from other countries as aliens. There are numerous other pros to globalization, but I will end there. The cons are just as much as the pros. Some of the cons are that smaller domestic firms lack the resources to compete with the big international companies and may be forced out of business.All the traveling of the people and the goods from country to country could spread infectious diseases that are extremely deadly. One of the biggest complaints about globalization is that it makes the rich richer and the non- rich more poor. Opponents say that globalization makes it easier for those rich companies to act with less accountability. Claims have also been made that countries' individual cultures are being taken over by Americanization. Exploitation of labor is another problem. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions, and their safety is being put in jeopardy in order to produce cheap goods.There is also an increase in human trafficking. The social welfare schemes are under enormous pressure in developed countries because of deficits and other economic ramifications of globalization. Multinational companies and corporations which were held back from commercial activities are increasingly influenced the political decisions. Most people think that there is a threat of corporations to rule the world because they are gaining power due to globalization. As far as jobs go, millions of Americans have lost their jobs because of production or imports shifts abroad. Most find new jobs with less pay.Other millions of people are afraid to l ose their jobs at the companies operating under competitive pressure. They also face pay cuts from employers which most of the time threaten to export jobs. The white collar jobs are increasingly vulnerable to operations that are moving offshore. Some of the poorest countries in the world,such as Africa may get even poorer. They do not have the education or the new technology that we do. It can cause unemployment in industrialized countries because companies move their factories to places where they can get cheaper workers. Globalization also can lead to environmental problems.Say a company wants to build a factory over in a poor country in the Third World. That country because of the new factory may have to cut down more trees to sell wood, and also take up the land which they use for resources such as food and supplies. Being of disadvantage,the under developed countries most of the time have to do what the developed companies tell them what to do. As far as poorer countries go th eir chance at fair trade is hindered, forcing the developed countries to produce export foods wanted by wealthier companies instead of producing food for locals to feed their own population. The bigger companies develop rchards and plantations and once again reduce the land for the production of local food supplies. When it comes to whether or not I am pro or con globalization I would say I am on the fence. I do not agree with the work conditions that the people in the factories are subject to. Inhumane treatment is unfair and jusat plain cruel. I was watching the news a couple of weeks ago and watched people jumping out of the Apple building windows commiting suicide due to the horrible work conditions. There are also what they call â€Å"suicide nets† placed outside of factories due to the window jumpers from poor condtions. The spread of life threatening iseases also concerns me from the back and forth of import and exports. The fact that countries that are bigger and more powerful can overrule the less fortunate and smaller developing countries seems a bit unfair. The taking of Third World companies land to benefit or make profits and deprive them of their resources by also building factories on their land also does not sit well with me. The unemployment rates in industrialized countries is caused by globalization because firms move their factories over to places where they can get the cheapest laborers. With globalization we must also keep in mind that we want to make ure that both sides are profiting from the exchange of goods. I also think that we should as a more technoligical and educated country give back to the third world better education and and resources to more technology so that they can gain more profit from globalization. I am also not happy with the way the economy is playing out. On the plus side, I am pro as well. I love the fact that I can open up my computer,click start and get to just about any product in the world and sometimes even cheaper than I can get from the United States. For instance,I do not have health insurance.I have certain conditions that I have to be on medication for otherwise my health will will fail. In the US at any pharmacy my medication costs me over 400 dollars! I then was turned on to a Canadian pharmacy that I could get three months worth of my medication for a little under three hundred dollars! Without globalization this would never happen. I also love exotic food and fruits that are imported into the US from other countries. I like the fact that we are friendly with other countries and are able to trade without any political problems. I can go to another country and get just as good of an education or even better over there.Export jobs produce more income than other jobs. Globalization gives us a wider market which means you can sell more goods and make more money. The more globalization the cheaper the products become, and the faster they get to us. Bibliography: Business Week, â€Å"The pros and cons of globalization†, April 2000 University of Western Sydney â€Å"The Impact of globalization† Manufacturing. net, â€Å"Saving American Manufacturing†, by Mike Collins,6/28/2010 Letslearnfinance. com,†Ad vantages and Disadvantages of globalization† Taking Sides,†Clashing views on Global Issues†,fourth edition,Hart and Lombardi,2007

The 100 Most Commonly Used Words in English

The 100 Most Commonly Used Words in English Listed here, according to the 100-million-word British National Corpus, are the 100 most commonly used words in English. Many of these words are function words: they glue pieces of sentences together into longer syntactic units.   Where needed, the part of speech is identified to distinguish different grammatical uses of the same word.   thebeofandain (preposition: in the old days)to (infinitive marker: to sing)haveitto (preposition: to the country)for (preposition: for you)Ithat (relative pronoun: the book that I read)youheon (preposition: on the beach)with (preposition: with pleasure)do (verb: I do)at (preposition: at school)by (preposition: by midnight)notthis (determiner: this page)butfrom (preposition: from home)theyhis (determiner: his job)that (determiner: that song)sheorwhich (determiner: which book)as (conjunction: as we agreed)weansay (verb: say a prayer)will (auxiliary verb: I will try)wouldcan (auxiliary verb: I can go)iftheirgo (verb: go now)what (determiner: what time)thereall (determiner: all people)get (verb: get busy)her (determiner: her job)make (verb: make money)whoas (preposition: as a child)out (adverb: go out)up (adverb: go up)see (verb: see the sky)know (verb: know a place)time (time: a time to laugh)take (verb: take a break)themsome (determiner: some money) couldso (adverb: I said so)himyearinto (preposition: into the room)itsthenthink (verb: think hard)mycome (verb: come early)thanmore (adverb: more quickly)about (preposition: about you)nowlast (adjective: last call)yourmeno (determiner: no time)other (adjective: other people)givejust (adverb: just try)shouldthese (determiner: these days)peoplealsowell (adverb: well written)any (determiner: any day)onlynew (adjective: new friend)verywhen (conjunction: when you go)may (auxiliary verb: you may go)waylook (verb: look here)like (preposition: like a boat)use (verb: use your head)her (pronoun: give her)such (determiner: such problems)how (adverb: see how)becausewhen (adverb: know when)as (adverb: as good)good (adjective: good time)find (verb: find time)

Parallelism in Writing for English Learners

Parallelism in Writing for English Learners Parallelism takes place when two similar phrases are joined to make just one sentence. For example: Tom plays the piano.Tom plays the violin.Parallelism Tom plays the piano and the violin. This is just a simple example. There are many types of parallelism and the important point to remember is that both forms must be the same. In other words, if you have two parallel verb structures the tenses must be the same. For example: Peter works hard and plays hard. NOT Peter works hard and play hard. Single Word Parallel Structures Both of the previous examples are single word parallel structures. Here is an overview of single word parallel structures: Nouns Jack eats fish and chicken.Sarah writes poetry and short stories. Verbs Our neighbors have moved and have sold their house.My sister walks or rides her bike to work. Adjectives The class is not only fun but also helpful.She is not only strong but also fast. Adverbs Peter drives quickly and aggressively.They work carefully and effectively. Phrase Parallel Structures Parallelism can also take place with phrases. This type of parallel structure can be more difficult to recognize as the sentences are more complex. Here are some examples: Having fun is as important as working hard.She advised me to get some sleep and take some time off work. Here are phrase parallel structures. Each type of structure includes a note about important points/problems to take into consideration. Noun Phrases Work is as necessary as play.Apples are as good for you as oranges. NOTE: Noun phrases are either singular or plural in nature and impersonal (it or they). Verb Phrases As soon as I arrive home, I put on my shoes and go for a run.Before she leaves for work, she usually eats breakfast and has a cup of coffee. NOTE: All verbs in a verb phrase with parallel structure have the same conjugation. Adverbial Phrases Peter and Tim will probably arrive in less than an hour and in time for the meeting.They want more time off in the summer and on weekends. (at weekends in British English) NOTE: An adverbial phrase is made up of more than one word which functions as an adverb. In this case, in less than an hour and in time expresses when something is going to happen. Gerund Phrases He enjoys playing tennis and working out.They dont mind waiting and talking while you get ready. NOTE: Make sure not to mix the infinitive (to do) and the gerund (doing) in parallel structures! Infinitive Phrases Jackson hopes to visit his parents and see his old friends when he goes home.She advised me to find some new friends and forget about the event. NOTE: Make sure not to mix the infinitive (to do) and the gerund (doing) in parallel structures! Participial Phrases Discovering her financial losses and not knowing enough about the current market, she decided to stop investing.Driving through the German countryside and speaking to the people, Mark began to understand the culture better. NOTE: This is a rather complex structure. Notice how a comma is placed after the parallel structure participial phrases that introduce the sentences. Clause Parallel Structures Finally, clauses can also be used to make parallel structures. In this case, remember that you must use full clause structure (subject verb objects) and that the subjects of BOTH clauses will be the same. This causes the verb conjugation to remain the same in both clauses. Noun Clauses She said that she was having fun but not that she was meeting people.Peter felt that he had made an excellent deal and that he had bought a masterpiece. Adjective Clauses She is a woman who is intelligent and, at the same time, who seems distracted.This is a product that is easy to use and that is simple to clean. Adverb Clauses As he didnt understand and because he refused to try, they let him go.Since it was easy to use and because it was cheap, it sold very well.

Online Journalism, Mass Media and Communication Essay

Online Journalism, Mass Media and Communication - Essay Example Most researchers and academicians assert that the internet communication is a superior way to attain competitive advantage in this century. This is critical since timely information facilitates accurate and timely decision making towards execution of valuable activities. It is imperative for institutions and various individuals to embrace technological advancement towards ensuring quality provision of information. This paper gives an insight about online journalism especially the web and blogsphere. 2.0 Web and blogsphere Journalists are bound, with professional ethics and obligation, to disseminate credible information based on factual elements. This is critical since information they make available facilitate progressive decision-making. Web 2.0 and blogosphere provides an online edited gathering of essay and information, which gives discursive and communicative facts (Mitchelstein & Boczkowski 2010). Consequently, blogs also exist together as connected community where various indi viduals publish various opinions for internalization globally with an example being the New York Times where blogs serve as communicative avenues. It is a concept, which currently is adoptable due to increased need for timely information touching on various issues. ... bility towards the provision of timely information based on factual events and matters cannot be challenged easily especially in the current century (Lowrey & Kim 2009). The world is presently a global village through technological enhanced services thereby rendering blogging venture reliable and relevant. Variably, journalist’s updates via the internet are fit and subject to regulation by international journalism standards, which ensure that value is achievable within the reported content of information (Deuze, Neuberger & Paulussen 2004). Evidently, internet communication has positively resulted to sound performance in various institutions; for example, it benefits businesses through customer retention, conversion, reach, and community integration. According to Frey (2011), it has the potential to leverage performance in the modern societies towards building strong information based capacities. Clearly, individuals require timely and valuable information to facilitate choice making on various matters like economic issues due to dynamic changes. It is stated that quality performance is reliant on the eminence of communication in various departments and sectors (Frey 2011). That is, timely provision of quality information facilitates superior decision making which in turn leads to excellence in various institutions. Consequently, blogging also expands ones network system and societal integration through adoption of best practices in life with an example being the political dispensation in US, which is often affected by blogs. According to Srisuwan (2008), technology is a key pillar towards developing sustainable communication networks thus institutions should ensure integration of technological activities for sound performance. Similarly, Morozov in his articles

Article critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique - Article Example Key words: Pain management, Hispanics, culture â€Å"Estoy en un monton de dolor† Experiencing Pain from a Hispanic Cancer Patient’s Perspective Though there are many flaws in the healthcare system in the United Stated, for many migrants especially African Americans and Hispanics, the existence of such a system is a great blessing. Many vie for immigrant status and citizenship to enjoy the privileges of social healthcare. The United States is a country that stood for equality of rights for every man, no matter the race, culture, or belief; however, it is shocking and disappointing to find out that there are discrepancies in the pain management options given to migrant cancer patients especially with regards to Hispanic cancer patients. I have known and seen a lot of people who had different types of cancer in the course of my life and in the academic degree that I chose. I have seen the tremendous amount of pain they experience especially those in the late stages of the disease. The pain relievers prescribed to them helps in improving their quality of life but it is sad even just to imagine that there are countless others, who are in the socio-cultural as well as socioeconomic minority that are needlessly experiencing excruciating pain when they already have the access to proper pain management options via the government’s healthcare system. The study of Im, Guevara, and Chee (2007) gives us a glimpse of how pain is handled by Hispanics. It also gives insights to the different factors that contribute to the inadequacy of pain management interventions that Hispanic cancer patients receive. By examining their research in a qualitative way, we can get insight on the value of understanding the sociocultural dimension of a cancer patient’s pain management, and thus help equalize the disparities in treatment given to Hispanics and other migrants. This will allow us nurses to give quality patient care to all mankind, as is our sworn respons ibility. I. Hispanic Cancer Patient’s Pain as Described in the Article – Discussion and Critique As the authors’ examined the part that socio-cultural background plays in the experience of pain in Hispanic cancer patients, I was given a clear representation of how the healthcare paradigm works in for the case of migrants. I appreciate the effort that they gave in representing the â€Å"pain experience† as personal as possible by quoting actual forum responses of the cancer patients. This painted a picture that gets the reader to easily empathize with the patient and allows the reader to view how hard it is for Hispanic cancer patients to endure everyday with the pain that they bear. Although they presented the testimonies of their respondents well, there are certain aspects of their methodology that can be improved to make the implications of the study have more weight. (1) The sampling method used was convenience sampling which automatically results in b iased data. The title of the study indicates that the author’s wanted to show insights for Hispanic cancer patients’ pain experience all over the United States; however they did not get representative samples for different States which is indicative that the finding could not be generalized to bear implications to the whole of the United States and the whole healthcare